exam 3 Flashcards
What are Kohlbergs stages of moral reasoning and what age do they occur at
Pre- age 9 = Preconventional
Age 13 = Conventional
Adulthood= Postconvential
What level is Preconventional and what are the stages within it
Level 1: Judging right or wrong purely by consequences for their actions
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience orientation- moral decisions made to avoid punishment no internailization of moral standards
Stage 2: Reward orientation
What level is Conventional Reasoning and what are the stages
Level 2: based on internal standards of what is right or wrong passed down by others
Stage 3: makes moral decisions to conform to rules and thus gain others approval or support of family/friends. Doing the right thing to avoid disapproval
Stage 4: Law and order orientation - makes moral decisions that respect law and follow justice and duty- “no it’s against the law”
What level is Postconventional reasoning and what are the stages
Level 3: based on internal morality based on individuals own code for high ethical standards , personal code is individualized and they may even be persecuted if it goes against community standards for what is right or wrong
Stage 5: Social contract: values, rights, and principles may transcend the law so there is an examination of the validity of actual laws.
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles - the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights even if it violates societys laws or rules
What is the criticism of Kohlbergs stages of moral reasoning?
too much emphasis on moreal thought and not enough on moral behavior
Experts do not agree with order- Is stage 4 law & order higher moral than Level 3 caring about what others think
Cultural bias
Male- centered and based on a norm that puts abstract principles of justice above relationships and care for others
What are the 5 categories of peer status
Popular Children (15%) Average Children (40-60%) Neglected Children (10%) Rejected Children (15%) Controversial Children (6%)
Describe popular children
Best fried, and well liked never least liked
Describe Average children
average number of positive and negative nominations
Describe Neglected children
Rarely listed as best friend but also not listed as disliked
Describe Rejected children
Rarely listed as best friend or highly liked and are listed as least liked
Describe controversial children
Frequently nominated as best friend/ highly likes and least liked
Describe moral identity
Occurs when moral notions and commitments are central to their life - being moral is how they identify themselves
Describe Moral character
Involves having the strength of your convictions persisting and overcoming distractions and obstacles
* If individuals don’t have moral character they are likely to give into peer pressure or fail to follow through
Describe moral exemplars
People who have lived exemplary lives 3 types Brave exemplar- dominant and extraverted Caring exemplar = nuturant and agreeable Just exemplar= conscientious and open to experience
When does puberty takes place
9-16 years
What is puberty caused by
Signals from hypothalamus , pituitary gland and gonads (testes, ovaries)
What are primary sex characteristics
Things that make sexual reproduction possible - maturation of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina
Males = maturations of penis, testes, scortum, prostate gland and seminal vesicals
What are secondary sex characteristics
Not essential for reporduction
breasts, pubic hari, voice change, skin change
When does puberty happen for femals
two years ahead of boys
ages 9-10 takes about 4 years
boys at 12 takes about 2 years
What is the sequence of change for girls
Breast growth 8-13 Pubic hair 8-14 Growth spurt 9-14 Menarche 10-16 avg 12.5 Underarm hair 2 yrs after pubic hair Increased output of oil 2 years after pubic hari
What is the sequence of growth for boys
Testes growth 10-13 Pubic hair 10-15 Growth spurt 10-16 Growth of penis 11-14.5 Change in voice - same year as penis growth
What are Schaies stages of adult thinking
Acquisition stage- childhood & adolescense involves gaining information and knowledge and learning how to think logically
Achieving stage: early adulthood concern with learning things that will be useful. directed towards specific goald as their decision involves real problems associated with family and careeer
Responsibility stage - middle adulthood concern with their social responsibility to others when making decisions
Reintegrative stage- ate adulthood concerns are back on self as the reevaluate and reexamine their lives - less likely to waste time on task that have no meansing for them
