Chapter 2 - Theories of development Flashcards
What are 2 purposes of theories
Organize information
Guide further research
The organismic view of development believes what?
Development occurs when people are actively constructing their learning environment
*active role in learning
The mechanismic view of development believes that…
The environment takes a role in learning and development * learning in school, or learning at home
What developmental theory believes that development occurs through the passage of psychosexual stages which are biologically determined, and stresses unconscious thought
Psychoanalytical theory
Who is the founder of Psychoanalytical theory?
Sugmund Freud
True or False in psychoanalytical theory order of stages is fixed?
True - order of stages are fixed and age that you go through them is not fixed
What is Fixation in the Psychoanalytical Theory?
Fixation occurs when a person becomes stuck in a stage and does not complete the stage in the time frame noted
What are the 5 stages of Psychoanalytical theory
Oral - ages 0-1.5 Anal - ages 1.5-3 Phallic - ages 3-5 Latency- ages 6-12 Genital- ages 13+
What is the erotogenic zone of the oral stage
Mouth, Lips and tongue.
Needs satisfied by sucking, chewing and biting
When are needs not met and overly met for oral stage
Needs not met when weened too early
Needs overly met when child is given something to suck on too much and become orally fixated -which can cause them to get stuck in this phase
What are personality traits of oral passive and oral aggressive
Oral Passive: Alcoholics, Naive, Overeaters, overly trusting and accepting, gulible
Oral Aggressive: Biters, Chewers, not accepting, suspicious
What is the erotogenic zone of the anal stage
Anus - pleasure achieved through elimination through bladder and bowels
What are personality traits of anal retentive and anal explosive
Anal Retentive: Hold in emotion, hold onto money, stubborn, perfectionist, clean, constipation, punctual
Anal Explosive: Diarrhea, generous w/ money, sharing, disorganized, highly emotional
What is the erotogenic zone of the phallic stage
Childs own genitals
When does the Oedipal conflict occur in the psychoanalytical stages?
Phallic stage -child desires opposite sex parent
According to the psychoanalytical theory when is personality fully developed by and characteristics are fixed by this time?
Age 5 (Oral, Anal, and Phallic Stage)
What are the characteristics of the Latency stage
Child represses sexual desires due to trauma of oedipal conflict and focuses energy on social and intellectual development
What are characteristics of Genital stage
Oedipal complex is resolved and sexual feelings can now emerge, source of pleasure is an appropriate partner
What is the oedipal conflict?
Child desires opposite sex parent
Boys experience castration anxiety - fear that dad will cut of penis
What is the Id
Uninhibited impulses or drives Present at birth cause for all behavior entirely unconscious Immediate gratification
What is the Ego
Emerges at 6-8 months
Rational - can trick Id into satifaction by thinking about what it wants
Distinguish between fantasy and reality
Exists in both conscious and unconscious
All emotions located in ego
Negotiates and regulates Id, Superego and reality
Describe a situation of the relationship between Id, Superego, and reality
Id “I want to hit someone”
Superego “That’s wrong”
Reality “You’ll lose your job”
Ego - goes to kickboxing classes to satisfy all three
What is the Superego
Emerges at 3-5 in phallic stage
Moral standards
Represents standards or society and parents
What are the stages of the Ego Psychology theory
Trust vs Mistrust - ages 0 - 1.5 Autonomy vs shame and doubt- ages 1.5-3 Initiative vs guilt - ages 3-5 Industry vs. Inferiority - ages 6-12 Identity vs Identity Confusion - ages 12-16 Intimacy vs Isolation - ages 20-late 30s Generativity vs stagnation - ages 40s to late 50s Integrity vs despair- ages 60 +
True or False Erik Erikson’s theory of ego development goes in order and you must follow in order to get to next step
True
Trust vs Mistrust step involves
ages 0-1.5 child is dependent upon others if needs are met then trust develops
If needs are not met mistrust develops
Autonomy vs Shame + Doubt involves
Developing independence
If independence not developed then child can develop shame and doubt
Initiative vs Guilt involves
Initiative and motivation to create. If child is not motivated to take initiative then guilt can develop
Industry vs Inferiority involves
Confidence and feelings of competency. If confidence is not developed then feelings of inferiority develop
Identity vs Identity Confusion involves
Claiming ones own identity, belief systems, and ownership of life choices. If person cannot distinguish own self then feelings of confusion occur
Intimacy vs Isolation involves
Looking for people you can be honest with, if you cannot find someone to be intimate with then you may isolate yourself
Generativity vs Stagnation
Desire to create a legacy
Integrity vs Despair involves
Being content with lifes decisions and where your life has ended up
Cognitive Devlopment Thoery deals with…
Deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it
What are the 4 stages of cognitive development according to Piaget
Sensorimotor - ages 0-2
Preoperational ages 2-7
Concrete Operational ages 7-11
Formal Operational ages 11-15
Describe the Sensorimotor stage of cognitive developement
Learning occurs through senses and movement
Describe the Preoperational stage of cognitive development
Use of symbols to represent objects, such as words/language, drawings, and pretend play
Describe the Concrete Operational stage of cognitive development
Ability to use reasoning as long as it is applied to concrete examples
Describe Formal Operational
Ability to think in abstract terms vs. concrete
What is Schema
mental concept or representation that helps organize and interpret information
What is Assimilation
Incorporation of new information into existing knowledge
What is accomodation
adjustment of schema to accommodate the new information, schema is changed
What is Sociocultural theory of development
Cognitive development occurs through cooperative activities with others. Social interaction with others leads to cognitive development
What are the stages of sociocultural development
There are no stages
Vygotsky is responsible for what theory
Sociocultural development
What is the zone of proximal development?
Range of tasks that are too difficult for an individual to accomplish alone, but that can be mastered with the guidance and assistance of people more skilled.
Lower level of zone - tasks that can be accomplished on own
Upper level of zone- task that can only be completed with help from a skilled individual
What is Scaffolding in the sociocultural theory of development?
Support for learning and problem solving that comes from outside of the learner
What is the behavorial theory of development
The scientific study of overy, observable, behavior. Behavior is conditioned or learned from environment
What are the 2 types of behavior in the behavioral theory?
Respondent & Operant
Describe respondent behavior
Refers to reflexes or automatic responses that are elicited by stimuli seen as equations S–>R
Describe operant behavior
responses that are emitted without a stimulus necessarily being present. Behaviors that operate on the environment
Sd–>R—Sr
What is Reinforcement (Sr)
Anything that increases the liklihood of the response occuring again
What is positive reinforcement
Presentation of something pleasent
What is negative reinforcement
Elimination of something unpleasent
