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Lifespan Development > Chapter 2 - Theories of development > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Theories of development Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 purposes of theories

A

Organize information

Guide further research

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2
Q

The organismic view of development believes what?

A

Development occurs when people are actively constructing their learning environment
*active role in learning

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3
Q

The mechanismic view of development believes that…

A

The environment takes a role in learning and development * learning in school, or learning at home

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4
Q

What developmental theory believes that development occurs through the passage of psychosexual stages which are biologically determined, and stresses unconscious thought

A

Psychoanalytical theory

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5
Q

Who is the founder of Psychoanalytical theory?

A

Sugmund Freud

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6
Q

True or False in psychoanalytical theory order of stages is fixed?

A

True - order of stages are fixed and age that you go through them is not fixed

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7
Q

What is Fixation in the Psychoanalytical Theory?

A

Fixation occurs when a person becomes stuck in a stage and does not complete the stage in the time frame noted

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8
Q

What are the 5 stages of Psychoanalytical theory

A 
Oral - ages 0-1.5
Anal - ages 1.5-3
Phallic - ages 3-5
Latency- ages 6-12
Genital- ages 13+
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9
Q

What is the erotogenic zone of the oral stage

A

Mouth, Lips and tongue.

Needs satisfied by sucking, chewing and biting

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10
Q

When are needs not met and overly met for oral stage

A

Needs not met when weened too early
Needs overly met when child is given something to suck on too much and become orally fixated -which can cause them to get stuck in this phase

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11
Q

What are personality traits of oral passive and oral aggressive

A

Oral Passive: Alcoholics, Naive, Overeaters, overly trusting and accepting, gulible
Oral Aggressive: Biters, Chewers, not accepting, suspicious

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12
Q

What is the erotogenic zone of the anal stage

A

Anus - pleasure achieved through elimination through bladder and bowels

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13
Q

What are personality traits of anal retentive and anal explosive

A

Anal Retentive: Hold in emotion, hold onto money, stubborn, perfectionist, clean, constipation, punctual
Anal Explosive: Diarrhea, generous w/ money, sharing, disorganized, highly emotional

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14
Q

What is the erotogenic zone of the phallic stage

A

Childs own genitals

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15
Q

When does the Oedipal conflict occur in the psychoanalytical stages?

A

Phallic stage -child desires opposite sex parent

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16
Q

According to the psychoanalytical theory when is personality fully developed by and characteristics are fixed by this time?

A

Age 5 (Oral, Anal, and Phallic Stage)

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of the Latency stage

A

Child represses sexual desires due to trauma of oedipal conflict and focuses energy on social and intellectual development

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18
Q

What are characteristics of Genital stage

A

Oedipal complex is resolved and sexual feelings can now emerge, source of pleasure is an appropriate partner

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19
Q

What is the oedipal conflict?

A

Child desires opposite sex parent

Boys experience castration anxiety - fear that dad will cut of penis

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20
Q

What is the Id

A 
Uninhibited impulses or drives
Present at birth
cause for all behavior
entirely unconscious
Immediate gratification
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21
Q

What is the Ego

A

Emerges at 6-8 months
Rational - can trick Id into satifaction by thinking about what it wants
Distinguish between fantasy and reality
Exists in both conscious and unconscious
All emotions located in ego
Negotiates and regulates Id, Superego and reality

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22
Q

Describe a situation of the relationship between Id, Superego, and reality

A

Id “I want to hit someone”
Superego “That’s wrong”
Reality “You’ll lose your job”
Ego - goes to kickboxing classes to satisfy all three

23
Q

What is the Superego

A

Emerges at 3-5 in phallic stage
Moral standards
Represents standards or society and parents

24
Q

What are the stages of the Ego Psychology theory

A 
Trust vs Mistrust - ages 0 - 1.5
Autonomy vs shame and doubt- ages 1.5-3
Initiative vs guilt - ages 3-5
Industry vs. Inferiority - ages 6-12
Identity vs Identity Confusion - ages 12-16
Intimacy vs Isolation - ages 20-late 30s
Generativity vs stagnation - ages 40s to late 50s
Integrity vs despair- ages 60 +
25
Q

True or False Erik Erikson’s theory of ego development goes in order and you must follow in order to get to next step

A

True

26
Q

Trust vs Mistrust step involves

A

ages 0-1.5 child is dependent upon others if needs are met then trust develops
If needs are not met mistrust develops

27
Q

Autonomy vs Shame + Doubt involves

A

Developing independence

If independence not developed then child can develop shame and doubt

28
Q

Initiative vs Guilt involves

A

Initiative and motivation to create. If child is not motivated to take initiative then guilt can develop

29
Q

Industry vs Inferiority involves

A

Confidence and feelings of competency. If confidence is not developed then feelings of inferiority develop

30
Q

Identity vs Identity Confusion involves

A

Claiming ones own identity, belief systems, and ownership of life choices. If person cannot distinguish own self then feelings of confusion occur

31
Q

Intimacy vs Isolation involves

A

Looking for people you can be honest with, if you cannot find someone to be intimate with then you may isolate yourself

32
Q

Generativity vs Stagnation

A

Desire to create a legacy

33
Q

Integrity vs Despair involves

A

Being content with lifes decisions and where your life has ended up

34
Q

Cognitive Devlopment Thoery deals with…

A

Deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it

35
Q

What are the 4 stages of cognitive development according to Piaget

A

Sensorimotor - ages 0-2
Preoperational ages 2-7
Concrete Operational ages 7-11
Formal Operational ages 11-15

36
Q

Describe the Sensorimotor stage of cognitive developement

A

Learning occurs through senses and movement

37
Q

Describe the Preoperational stage of cognitive development

A

Use of symbols to represent objects, such as words/language, drawings, and pretend play

38
Q

Describe the Concrete Operational stage of cognitive development

A

Ability to use reasoning as long as it is applied to concrete examples

39
Q

Describe Formal Operational

A

Ability to think in abstract terms vs. concrete

40
Q

What is Schema

A

mental concept or representation that helps organize and interpret information

41
Q

What is Assimilation

A

Incorporation of new information into existing knowledge

42
Q

What is accomodation

A

adjustment of schema to accommodate the new information, schema is changed

43
Q

What is Sociocultural theory of development

A

Cognitive development occurs through cooperative activities with others. Social interaction with others leads to cognitive development

44
Q

What are the stages of sociocultural development

A

There are no stages

45
Q

Vygotsky is responsible for what theory

A

Sociocultural development

46
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

Range of tasks that are too difficult for an individual to accomplish alone, but that can be mastered with the guidance and assistance of people more skilled.
Lower level of zone - tasks that can be accomplished on own
Upper level of zone- task that can only be completed with help from a skilled individual

47
Q

What is Scaffolding in the sociocultural theory of development?

A

Support for learning and problem solving that comes from outside of the learner

48
Q

What is the behavorial theory of development

A

The scientific study of overy, observable, behavior. Behavior is conditioned or learned from environment

49
Q

What are the 2 types of behavior in the behavioral theory?

A

Respondent & Operant

50
Q

Describe respondent behavior

A

Refers to reflexes or automatic responses that are elicited by stimuli seen as equations S–>R

51
Q

Describe operant behavior

A

responses that are emitted without a stimulus necessarily being present. Behaviors that operate on the environment
Sd–>R—Sr

52
Q

What is Reinforcement (Sr)

A

Anything that increases the liklihood of the response occuring again

53
Q

What is positive reinforcement

A

Presentation of something pleasent

54
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

Elimination of something unpleasent

Lifespan Development (6 decks)

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