Chapter 7 - Infancy and Toddlerhood development

Question 1

What are three characteristics of social interaction between infants and caretakers

Answer 1

Actions are reciprocal between infant and caretaker
Mutual exchange- both active participants
Mutual recognition- quality depends on ability of BOTH to respond with appropriate signals about each emotional state

Question 2

Describe attachment

Answer 2

Close emotional bond of attraction between infant and caretaker. Not formed through feeding but through comfort

Question 3

True or False babies are equipped to make others attach to them

Answer 3

True through their physical features adults are attracted to them, big eyes, big head, wispy hair

Question 4

True or False

Infants can attach to multiple caregivers

Answer 4

True

Question 5

When is attachment strongest

Answer 5

During period of object perminance

Question 6

True or False attachment is related to sensory, perceptual and cognitive development

Answer 6

True - attachment strongest during time of object perminance

Question 7

What are the norms of attachement by age group

Answer 7

0-3 months - indiscriminate attachment- like to be held by anyone
3-6 months- develop specific attachment with prmary caretakers
6-9 months- attachment intensifies and remains permenant through 18 months

Question 8

When is the critical period of attachment

Answer 8

Between 1-2 years

Question 9

What are ways to deal with stranger wariness

Answer 9

1. give them time to get used to you
2. give the child control over interaction
3. Social referencing- toddler looks to parent to take direction of how to react
4. Make presence least threatening - get on their level

Question 10

When does stranger distress begin and peak?

Answer 10

Begins at 8 months

Peaks 14-18 months

Question 11

How are dependency and attachment different?

Answer 11

Dependence is at it’s highest at birth and decreases with time
Attachment is not present at birth and increases over time

Question 12

What are 4 types of attachment according to Ainsworth studies

Answer 12

Secure attachment
Avoident-insecure attachment
Ambivalent/ Anxious-Insecure attachment
Disorganized attachment

Question 13

Describe secure attachment

Answer 13

Distressed when caretaker leaves

Happy when caretaker comes back

Question 14

Describe Avoidant Insecure Attachment

Answer 14

No distress when caretaker leaves

Does not acknowledge caretakers return

Question 15

Describe Ambivalent Insecure attachment

Answer 15

Distress when caretaker leaves

Still distressed when caretaker returns

Question 16

Describe Disorganized attachment

Answer 16

No attachment behaviours

bizarre behavior when caregiver returns

Question 17

What are the differences in effects of secure and insecure attachement

Answer 17

Secure:
More liked by peers
Shares more
High cognitive development
Positive self image
Outgoing
Insecure: 
Anxious
Less socially skilled
hostility
aggression