Chapter 1

Question 1

What are 5 characteristics of developmental change?

Answer 1

Developmental change is

• Continuous
• Cumulative
• Directional
• Differentiated
• Holistic

Question 2

Describe Epigenetics

Answer 2

Looks at how environmental factors influence genetic expression

Question 3

Describe Cohort

Answer 3

Group of people born at the same time and thus share similar experiences at same points of development

Question 4

What are 5 methods of data collection

Answer 4

Observations
Surveys & Interviews
Standardized tests
Case Studies
Physilogical measures

Question 5

What are some characteristics of observational data collection

Answer 5

Can be overt or covert
Systemic of General / clear definition or unclear
Lab setting or natural setting

Question 6

What are some characteristics of Surveys and Interviews at methods of data collection

Answer 6

Standard set of questions given
Orally or written
can lack information

Question 7

What are some characteristic of Standardized Test data collection

Answer 7

Uniform procedure same scoring and test across the board

Question 8

What are some characteristics of Case Study data collection

Answer 8

In depth study
Lots of information and details
Can’t be generalized because it is specific to that case

Question 9

What are some characteristics of Physiological measures of data collection

Answer 9

Information is collected by looking at biological indicators

pupil size, heart rate

Question 10

What are 3 types of research designs

Answer 10

Descriptive design
Correlation design
Experimental design

Question 11

What are features of Descriptive design

Answer 11

Research design that describes what something is but not why it is
example: What tools do students use to study with?
14% use office hours
72% use notes

Question 12

What type of research design uses descriptions of behaviors but not numbers or statistics to describe what something is

Answer 12

Qualitative design which is a form of descriptive design

Question 13

What type of research design uses statistics or percentages to describe what something is but not why it is that way?

Answer 13

Descriptive design

Question 14

What type of research design looks at relationship between 2 or more variables that occur w/out being controlled - as one variable changes does the other variable change in response?

Answer 14

Correlation Research Design

Question 15

True or False

Correlation does mean Causation

Answer 15

False - Correlation does not mean causation

Question 16

What is the range of correlation

Answer 16

-1.0 - +1.0

Question 17

What does a positive correlation indicate?

Answer 17

As one variable increases the other will also increase

Question 18

What does a negative correlation indicate?

Answer 18

As one variable increases the other will decrease

Question 19

A correlation of 0.4 is what type of correlation

Answer 19

A strong positive correlation

Question 20

A correlation of Zero is what type of correlation

Answer 20

A weak correlation

Question 21

A correlation of -0.4 is what type of correlation

Answer 21

A strong negative correlation

Question 22

True or False

Perfect correlations are extremely rare

Answer 22

False

Question 23

What type of research design is very controlled so that we can make assumptions about causality

Answer 23

Experimental Design

Question 24

What is an independent variable

Answer 24

The variable that is manipulated

example: thing given to students to help concentrate fidget spinner, nothing, pencil and paper

Question 25

What is the variable that is being measured called

Answer 25

Dependent variable | example: score of student on test that is dependent on what each student was given to help concentrate

Question 26

What are Extraneous Variables

Answer 26

Variables that we do not care about for the research study

Question 27

What are the 3 parts of experimental design

Answer 27

Independent variable Dependent Variable Equivalent groups - experimental group and control group

Question 28

What is an experimental group

Answer 28

Group that receives the variable | Examples: group that receives fidget spinner and group that receives paper and pencil to help concentrate

Question 29

What is a control group

Answer 29

group that does not receive the variable | Example: Group that does not receive anything to help concentrate

Question 30

What is a placebo

Answer 30

Helps create equivalence between control and experimental group because they both think that they are receiving the variable, when really only one group is

Question 31

If you want to measure causality what is the gold standard research design?

Answer 31

Experimental Design

Question 32

What is the independent variable of developmental research design

Answer 32

Age is the independent variable | How do people change over time

Question 33

What are the 2 main research designs specific to developmental research

Answer 33

Longitudinal Design | Cross-sectional design

Question 34

What design would follow children over time to see how maturation influences change

Answer 34

Longitudinal Design

Question 35

What are the Strength & Challenges of longitudinal design?

Answer 35

``` Strengths: Measures changes over time Challenges: Takes a long time More resources needed Higher drop out rates Higher chance of bias ```

Question 36

What research design of devlopmental research looks at a cross section of different ages at the same dependent variable?

Answer 36

Cross sectional design

Question 37

What are challenges and strengths of cross sectional design

Answer 37

Challenges: May be other things the led to difference between groups Strengths: Shorter research time, fewer drop outs, less resources

Question 38

What are 4 important things to consider when doing research ethically

Answer 38

Informed consent Confidentiality Debriefing Deception