Chapter 1 Flashcards
What are 5 characteristics of developmental change?
Developmental change is
- Continuous
- Cumulative
- Directional
- Differentiated
- Holistic
Describe Epigenetics
Looks at how environmental factors influence genetic expression
Describe Cohort
Group of people born at the same time and thus share similar experiences at same points of development
What are 5 methods of data collection
Observations Surveys & Interviews Standardized tests Case Studies Physilogical measures
What are some characteristics of observational data collection
Can be overt or covert
Systemic of General / clear definition or unclear
Lab setting or natural setting
What are some characteristics of Surveys and Interviews at methods of data collection
Standard set of questions given
Orally or written
can lack information
What are some characteristic of Standardized Test data collection
Uniform procedure same scoring and test across the board
What are some characteristics of Case Study data collection
In depth study
Lots of information and details
Can’t be generalized because it is specific to that case
What are some characteristics of Physiological measures of data collection
Information is collected by looking at biological indicators
pupil size, heart rate
What are 3 types of research designs
Descriptive design
Correlation design
Experimental design
What are features of Descriptive design
Research design that describes what something is but not why it is
example: What tools do students use to study with?
14% use office hours
72% use notes
What type of research design uses descriptions of behaviors but not numbers or statistics to describe what something is
Qualitative design which is a form of descriptive design
What type of research design uses statistics or percentages to describe what something is but not why it is that way?
Descriptive design
What type of research design looks at relationship between 2 or more variables that occur w/out being controlled - as one variable changes does the other variable change in response?
Correlation Research Design
True or False
Correlation does mean Causation
False - Correlation does not mean causation
What is the range of correlation
-1.0 - +1.0
What does a positive correlation indicate?
As one variable increases the other will also increase
What does a negative correlation indicate?
As one variable increases the other will decrease
A correlation of 0.4 is what type of correlation
A strong positive correlation
A correlation of Zero is what type of correlation
A weak correlation
A correlation of -0.4 is what type of correlation
A strong negative correlation
True or False
Perfect correlations are extremely rare
False
What type of research design is very controlled so that we can make assumptions about causality
Experimental Design
What is an independent variable
The variable that is manipulated
example: thing given to students to help concentrate fidget spinner, nothing, pencil and paper
What is the variable that is being measured called
Dependent variable
example: score of student on test that is dependent on what each student was given to help concentrate
What are Extraneous Variables
Variables that we do not care about for the research study
What are the 3 parts of experimental design
Independent variable
Dependent Variable
Equivalent groups - experimental group and control group
What is an experimental group
Group that receives the variable
Examples: group that receives fidget spinner and group that receives paper and pencil to help concentrate
What is a control group
group that does not receive the variable
Example: Group that does not receive anything to help concentrate
What is a placebo
Helps create equivalence between control and experimental group because they both think that they are receiving the variable, when really only one group is
If you want to measure causality what is the gold standard research design?
Experimental Design
What is the independent variable of developmental research design
Age is the independent variable
How do people change over time
What are the 2 main research designs specific to developmental research
Longitudinal Design
Cross-sectional design
What design would follow children over time to see how maturation influences change
Longitudinal Design
What are the Strength & Challenges of longitudinal design?
Strengths: Measures changes over time Challenges: Takes a long time More resources needed Higher drop out rates Higher chance of bias
What research design of devlopmental research looks at a cross section of different ages at the same dependent variable?
Cross sectional design
What are challenges and strengths of cross sectional design
Challenges: May be other things the led to difference between groups
Strengths: Shorter research time, fewer drop outs, less resources
What are 4 important things to consider when doing research ethically
Informed consent
Confidentiality
Debriefing
Deception
