Exam 2 note cards

Question 1

Between age 2-6 how much weight and inches will a child have gained

Answer 1

16 pounds

12 inches

Question 2

True or False a childs BMI is at it’s lowest during ages 2-6

Answer 2

True- # of fat cells increase in utereo and after early chilhood 6-12. After 12 fall cells never change

Question 3

By the end of early childhood (age 6) what is the average childs weight and height, and how much do legs take up of total height

Answer 3

3.5 feet tall
40-50 lbs
legs take up 1/2 of height

Question 4

Is it normal for a childs appetite to decrease between 2-6

Answer 4

Yes it is normal, because they are not growing as much as they did as an infant.
Growth occurs in spurts so there are times of lots of eating and times of not a lot of eating

Question 5

What allergies start to become present between 2-6

Answer 5

Milk, Soy, Tree nuts, Peanuts, Shellfish, Eggs, Fish

Question 6

Children who are most at risk for obesity are children who…
Why?

Answer 6

Low income - cheaper foods are typically more processed and high in fat and sugar, parents are at work so there is less supervision over meals, less exercise because of unsafe neighborhoods

Food used as a reinforcement/ reward- conditions child to reward self with food as they continue into adulthood

High levels of stress- high cortisol triggets body to hold on to fat

Question 7

What are 3 factors that put children at more risk for obesity

Answer 7

1. Parents Obese
2. More than 8 hours of TV per week
3. Short sleep < 10.5 hours a night

Question 8

What is a common nutrition deficit in children

Answer 8

Calcium Deficiany - homes steering away from milk, switch to juice or tree nut milk

Question 9

What is a common nutrition excess in children between ages 2-6

Answer 9

High sugar - empty calories, bad for teeth, cavities, promotes bones density loss

Question 10

Why is nutrition important for children ages 2-6

Answer 10

Important for brain developments, motor development, developing synapses

Question 11

What nutritional needs help with brain development, motor development, and neuron communication

Answer 11

Iron, Iodine, DHA Fatty Acids, Folic acids, Zinc, Choline

Question 12

Can the deficit in poor nutrition be reversed

Answer 12

No deficiancy can be irreversible

Question 13

What is Food insecurity

Answer 13

No consistent and dependable supply of healthy food.

Food insecurity is not the same as hunger.

Food-insecure families are often able to avoid hunger by choosing cheaper, more filling types of food over more costly nutritious foods.

Question 14

What are the effects of nurtient deficiencies

Answer 14

Poor Health 90% under 3
Time spent in hospital ( 1/3)
Issues with cognitive and behavioral development (76%)

Question 15

A family is considered to be food insecure if they

Answer 15

Are unable to afford balanced meals

• Reduce the size of meals because of lack of money
• Reduce the quality and variety of their normal diet due to lack of money

Question 16

When does a doctor worry about a childs growth on the growth chart

Answer 16

When it falls outside of the curve

Question 17

When are baby teeth replaced by adult teeth by?

Answer 17

6-10

Question 18

When are baby teeth grown in by?

Answer 18

20 teeth grown in by age 2.5

Question 19

What order do babies teeth grow in

Answer 19

6 to 10 monthscentral incisors on bottom
•8 to 12 monthscentral incisors on top
•9 to 13 monthslateral incisors on top
•10 to 16 monthslateral incisors on bottom
•16 to 23 months cuspids on top and bottom
•13 to 20 monthsfirst molars
•24 to 32 monthssecond molars

Question 20

When do permanent molars grow in

Answer 20

ages 6-7

Question 21

Why is brushing teeth for babies important

Answer 21

Gum health
Hold space for adult teeth
Proper chewing
Prevent baby teeth from falling out too early
Proper speech

Question 22

What makes brain gain weight as age increases

Answer 22

Increase in mylination in brain

Question 23

What does increase in mylin do in brain

Answer 23

Helps speed up the communication between neurons which increases impulse control, reaction time, and speed of cognitive understanding

Question 24

When is the Prefrontal cortex developed fully

Answer 24

Age 5

Question 25

What does the prefrontal cortex control

Answer 25

Impulses
Behavior
Control
Sound Judgement
Reasoning
Highest level of cognitive functioning
Understanding of consequences

Question 26

Executive functioning improvement between ages 2-6 leads to what behavioral changes

Answer 26

More regular sleep
More nuances and responsive emotions - more control
Less temper tanrtrums
Less uncontrollable tears or laughter

Question 27

At what age can children override previous patterns

Answer 27

Age 4
If you give children blocks and ask to categorize by color first and then by shape they can do it. If they are under 3 this is difficult for them

Question 28

What connects the brain hemispheres

Answer 28

Corpus Collosum connect left and right hemispheres of cerebral cortex

Grow rapidly during early childhood

Question 29

What is lateralization

Answer 29

some functions become more developed in one of hemispheres

Left hemisphere - logic, language

Right hemisphere - art, spacial, emotions, music

Question 30

What are examples of gross motor skill development from age 2-6

Answer 30

Age 2 child can run, by age 6 child can run and kick a ball at the same time and has coordination

Question 31

How do boys and girls differ with motor skills

Answer 31

Girls typically 6 months ahead of boys in fine motor skills, boys ahead on gross motor skills.

Due to practice - girls typically play with dolls or color or draw more than boys, boys are outside more playing sports

Question 32

What are some examples of gross motor skill development throughout ages

Answer 32

2 years - runs well straight ahead
3 years - goes around obstacels while running
4 years turns sharp corners while running
5 years - runs lightly on toes

2 years hops on one foots, 2 or more hops
3 years hops on one foot, up to three hops
4 years hops on one foot , 4-6 hops
5 years skips on alternate feet

Question 33

What is an example of fine motor skill development through ages 2-5

Answer 33

2 - builds tower of 6 cubes
3 - builds tower of 9 cubes
4 years builds tower of 10 + cubes
5 years builds 3 steps from 6 block using a model

Question 34

What are the 4 stages of childrens artistic ability and describe them

Answer 34

1. Scribbling ( 18-24 months) - moving arm in rhythmic movement, may go off paper, may not look at paper
2. Pre-symbolism 3-4 - “tadpole” people head and legs missing body, arms, objects float in space
3. Symbolism 5-8: Use symbols to represent house, animals, trees. Clearly differentiated head and body with arms and legs in appropriate places. Details of face apparent. Baseline for ground and sky
4. Realism 9+: action drawings, lots of detail, become more ciritcal of work, may stop drawing at this stage, abstract representation of feelings “single tree= loneliness”

Question 35

Describe Primary Prevention in regard to injuries and accidents

Answer 35

Overall conditions are structured to make harm less likely - reduces everyone’s chance of injury

Question 36

Describe Secondary Prevention in regards to injury and accidents

Answer 36

More targeted so that it’s directed towards adverting harm in high risk situations for vulnerable individuals

Question 37

Describe Tertiary Prevention in regards to injury and accidents

Answer 37

Begins after injury has already occurred in order to limit damage

Question 38

What does Child maltreatment include?

Answer 38

Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18.
Includes
* child abuse - physical, emotional or sexual
* child neglect - failure to meet essential needs

Question 39

What are warning signs of Child Maltreatment

Answer 39

Frequent absences from school

Child seems fearful when they see caregiver

Injuries that are unlikely to be accidents based on pattern ( bruise on same place over and over)

Repeated injuries

Physical complaints including stomach aches, genital pain

Change in mood, or change in behavior ( more fearful, anxious, don’t want to play or be with friends)

Question 40

Describe Adverse Childhood Experiences

Answer 40

All types of abuse, neglect, and other potentially traumatic experiences that occur to people under 18

As # of ACEs goes up the risk for negative development consequences goes up to

Question 41

What are consequences of Adverse Childhood Experiences

Answer 41

Risky Health Behavior
Chronic Health Conditions
Low Life Potential
Early Death

Question 42

What are the 10 types of childhood trauma measured in the ACE study

Answer 42

5 Personal

1. Physical abuse
2. Verbal Abuse
3. Sexual Abuse
4. Physical Neglect
5. Emotional Neglect

5 related to family members

6. Alcoholic parent/s
7. Domestic abuse of parent
8. Family member in jail
9. Mentally Ill parent
10. Loss of parent through divorce/ death/ abandonment

Question 43

What are the consequences of childhood chronic/ extreme stress

Answer 43

Cortisol & Adrenaline direct blood flow to muscle groups for survival but bypass brain

High levels of hormones create high blood pressure which weakens heart and circulatory system

High glucose levels - lead to diabetes

Disruption of immune system and inflammatory response system

Neurological changes such as reduced neural connections in prefrontal cortex which leads to dificiances in cognitive development