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A&P I > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

These are specialized cells in the nervous system.

Are the conductive cells and act as messengers.

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Neurons at rest have a _____ charge outside and _____ charge inside.

A

positive; negative

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3
Q

Neurons at rest have _____, positive charges outside, negative charges inside.

A

potential

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4
Q

When a neuron is at rest, the membrane of a neuron is 75x more permeable to ____ than _____.

A

potassium (K); sodium (Na)

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5
Q

When a neuron is active, it flips and the _____ becomes more permeable than _____.

A

sodium (Na); potassium (K)

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6
Q

A _____ is anything that allows those charges to change; using different ones for different neurons.

A

stimulus

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7
Q

Stimuli for eyes are _____, activating neurons in the eyes.

Stimuli for ears are _____, activating neurons in the ears.

A

photons; vibrations

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8
Q

There are _____ cells that are necessary for nervous system functions. These cells are non-neuronal cells that maintain _____, form _____, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the peripheral nervous system, these cells include _____ and _____ cells.

A

glial/homeostasis/myelin/Schwann/satellite

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9
Q

When the ion flips, it becomes an _____.

A

action potential

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10
Q

A series of action potentials is called a _____.

A

nerve impulse

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11
Q

_____ means to jump or leap.

A

Saltore conduction

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12
Q

A _____ causes desensitization of neurons or slows down neurons.

A

Anesthetic

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13
Q

A stimuli must reach a _____ in order to activate a neuron.

A

threshold

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14
Q

A stimuli must reach a _____ in order to activate a neuron.

A

threshold

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15
Q

The cells in your body have an _____ to maintain or reset resting membrane potential.
The “membrane pump” removes ____ (Na+) for every 2 (____) brought in (a _____ ratio). It never gets to equal.

A

active transport system/3/K/3:2

There is more sodium (Na+) than potassium (K) inside.

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16
Q

The delay or reset time is called the _____; the amount of time necessary after an action potential occurs before the second action potential can occur (a pause).
There are two types: _____ and _____.

A

refractory period

relative; absolute

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17
Q

_____ - after firing an action potential, a second may occur if there is a change or increase in stimuli at 10-15 milliseconds.

A

relative

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18
Q

_____ - after an action potential occurs, a second cannot occur for 0-9 milliseconds.

A

absolute

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19
Q

Basic motor neuron
_____ - are the gaps within.

_____ - allows for conduction to take place.

_____ - is the covering of the neuron’s Schwann cells; acts as an insulator.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

axon

myelin sheath

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20
Q

Basic motor neuron
_____ - are the gaps within.

_____ - allows for conduction to take place.

_____ - is the covering of the neuron’s Schwann cells; acts as an insulator.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

axon

myelin sheath

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21
Q

These receive information from the neurons in the form of action potentials. These small structures are found at the end of the neurons next to the axon. They receive electrical messages from the axons of neurons.

The messages are either _____ or _____.

A

dendrites

excitatory; inhibitory

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22
Q

These types of signals cause the neuron to decrease its overall activity and release _____ signals.

A

inhibitory

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23
Q

These types of signals cause the neurons to increase its overall activity and release _____ neurotransmitters.

A

excitatory

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24
Q

_____ - the nerve cell body carries nerve impulses from sensory receptor toward the central nervous system.

A

Afferent

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25
Q

_____ - create neural circuits, enable communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system.
The interactions between these allow the brain to perform complex functions such as learning and decision-making.

A

Interneurons

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26
Q

_____ - carries nerve impulses (information) away from the central nervous system.

A

Efferent

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27
Q

_____ - is influenced by the neuron.

A

effector

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28
Q

_____ - is the area where a neuron comes into contact with a neuron.

A

synapse

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29
Q

_____ - specialized organelles called vesicles.

A

synaptic terminal

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30
Q

_____ - actual space between the presynaptic neuron and the effector.

A

synaptic cleft

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31
Q

_____ - the presynaptic part is located on an axon, the postsynaptic part is located on a dendrite or cell body (soma). They link the 2 membranes together and carry out the signaling process or messages from the presynaptic neuron to the effector.
This is done by chemical process, found within the vesicles.

A

synaptic membrane

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32
Q

_____ - the presynaptic part is located on an axon, the postsynaptic part is located on a dendrite or cell body (soma). They link the 2 membranes together and carry out the signaling process or messages from the presynaptic neuron to the effector.
This is done by chemical process, found within the vesicles.

A

synaptic membrane

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33
Q

These chemicals are referred to as _____; they act as a stimulus.
Examples are sodium (Na+) and calcium. Calcium enters the synaptic terminal.

A

neurotransmitters

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34
Q

_____ - a synapse which passes an _____ signal to its post-synaptic neuron or neurons causing them to be less likely to have an action potential or have reduced frequency of action potentials - decrease the rate of action or stop.

A

inhibitory synapse; inhibitory (signal)

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35
Q

_____ - a synapse which, upon activation, increases the likelihood of an action potential on the post-synaptic neuron or increases the frequency of firing of the post-synaptic neuron - excite the effector.

A

excitatory response

36
Q

_____ - a synapse which, upon activation, increases the likelihood of an action potential on the post-synaptic neuron or increases the frequency of firing of the post-synaptic neuron - excite the effector.

A

excitatory response

37
Q

A synapse is one of many located throughout the body. The effector determines the response. There are many types of neurotransmitters and each has a different effect on the body.
_____ acts within the brain to help regulate movement and emotion.
_____ acts as a mood regulator, stabilizer.
Estrogen and certain other hormones affect how neurotransmitters work.

A

dopamine; serotonin

38
Q

_____ are chemicals in neurons that communicate information throughout our brain and body. These are used to communicate with effectors (i.e. others, muscles, glands, etc.)

A

neurotransmitters

39
Q

_____ - examples are aldosterone, testosterone, and estrogen, which can affect the function of a neurotransmitter.

A

neuromodulator(s)

40
Q

Is the primary cell of the nervous system; are a-mitotic; have the ability to conduct messages from one point to another.

A

neuron

41
Q

Are accessory cells to the nervous system that maintain homeostasis; form myelin; and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

A

neuroglial cells

42
Q

_____ - assist the neuron in conduction; form the myelin sheath.

A

Schwann cells

43
Q

_____ - are the most common neuroglial cells. They serve multiple functions.
Their most important function is that they give neurons a blood supply and provide nutrients; act as an anchor to the neuron.

A

astrocytes

44
Q

_____ - are found in the central nervous system (CNS); produce growth-inhibitory proteins that inhibit the growth of injured neurons.

A

oligodendrocytes

45
Q

_____ - are found in the central nervous system (CNS); are almost like the white blood cells (WBC’s) of the nervous system. They maintain homeostasis of nervous tissue by responding to signals from other cells and remove material that affects homeostasis. Are derived from blood cells.

A

microglial

46
Q

What are the 2 major parts of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

brain and spinal cord

47
Q

The outer part of the spinal cord is referred to as “?”. The inner section of the cord is called “?”. This is opposite from the brain, as the outer part of the brain is called ___ and the internal structure is the ___.

A

“white matter”/”grey matter”

grey matter/white matter

48
Q

The outer part of the spinal cord is referred to as “?”. The inner section of the cord is called “?”. This is opposite from the brain, as the outer part of the brain is called ___ and the internal structure is the ___.

A

“white matter”/”grey matter”

grey matter/white matter

49
Q

Nerves that take info towards the CNS are called _____.

A

afferent neurons

50
Q

Nerves that take information away from the CNS are called _____.

A

efferent neurons

51
Q

Nerves that take information away from the CNS are called _____.

A

efferent neurons

52
Q

Nerves that take information away from the CNS are called _____.

A

efferent neurons

53
Q

Afferent neurons (___) carry signals to the brain and spinal cord as ___ data.

A

sensory

54
Q

Efferent neurons (___) send signals from the brain to the muscles, glands and organs of the body in response to sensory input.

A

motor

55
Q

Nerves that exist between these two are called ___; they are the most common.

A

interneurons

56
Q

What are the 3 sections into which the brain is divided?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

57
Q

The brain is also divided into 2 separate hemispheres; the right and left hemispheres.

A

In most cases, the right side of the brain affects the left side function of the body and vice versa.

58
Q

This is located in the temporal lobe and primarily on the left side is the part of the brain responsible for understanding language.If this part of the brain is affected by injury or stroke, a person may not be able to understand language.

A

Wernicke’s area

59
Q

This is a type of aphasia due to injury to the left frontal area.

A

Broca’s aphasia

60
Q

This type of aphasia is characterized by superficially fluent, grammatical speech but an inability to use or to understand more than the most basic nouns and verbs.

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

61
Q

This is located in the frontal lobe and is almost always dominant on the left side. This area affects speech. Articulation and with tongue and mouth comes from this area also. If a stroke affects this area of the brain, a person will have their speech affected.

This part of the brain is important for putting words together to form complete sentences.

A

Broca’s area

62
Q

The central nervous system is divided into what 2 parts?

A

brain, spinal cord

63
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

64
Q

The forebrain also contains this which makes of most part of the brain?

A

cerebrum (cortex)

65
Q

The diencephalon is divided into these 3 parts?

A

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

66
Q

The forebrain is divided into what 4 areas?

A

frontal/parietal/temporal/occipital lobe(s)

67
Q

The hindbrain is divided into what 3 parts?

A

pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

68
Q

The hindbrain is divided into what 3 parts?

A

pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

69
Q

This lobe is involved in vision and motor output?

A

occipital

70
Q

This lobe is involved in sensory input and touch?

A

parietal

71
Q

This lobe is involved in taste, smell, hearing, learning, memory, and some speech?

A

temporal

72
Q

This lobe is the primary center for speech, personality, learning, and conscious thought?

A

frontal

73
Q

The diencephalon is part of the forebrain and is divided into what 3 parts?

A

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

74
Q

This section is the integrating center for sensory input?

A

thalamus

75
Q

This section includes the pineal gland; secretes melatonin; responsible for sleep/wake patterns.

A

epithalamus

76
Q

This section is very important in internal regulation or homeostasis; i.e pressure in the body, respiratory rates, heart rate, and body temperature. Controls endocrine system and its function. Senses metabolic changes. Produces hormones that are stored in the pituitary for later release.

A

hypothalamus

77
Q

This is the major relay station between the forebrain and hindbrain; it’s responsible for hearing and sight; helps with perception.

A

midbrain

78
Q

What 3 parts make up the hindbrain?

A

pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

79
Q

This relays sensory information to the thalamus; autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities).

A

medulla oblongata

80
Q

This relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus; involuntary visceral motor centers.

A

pons

81
Q

This is involved in involuntary control of complex somatic motor patterns; memory storage of learned motor patterns; adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in the brain and spinal cord.

A

cerebellum

82
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into what 2 divisions?

A

afferent (sensory) & efferent (motor)

83
Q

The efferent (motor) division is further divided into what 2 areas?

A

somatic & autonomic

84
Q

Is motor innervation of all skeletal muscles. Under mostly voluntary control. Sends information to structures you control.

A

somatic

85
Q

Is motor innervation of all smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; involuntary.

A

autonomic

86
Q

The autonomic nervous system is further divided into what 2 divisions?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic

A&P I (7 decks)

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