Exam 3 Flashcards
These are specialized cells in the nervous system.
Are the conductive cells and act as messengers.
Neurons
Neurons at rest have a _____ charge outside and _____ charge inside.
positive; negative
Neurons at rest have _____, positive charges outside, negative charges inside.
potential
When a neuron is at rest, the membrane of a neuron is 75x more permeable to ____ than _____.
potassium (K); sodium (Na)
When a neuron is active, it flips and the _____ becomes more permeable than _____.
sodium (Na); potassium (K)
A _____ is anything that allows those charges to change; using different ones for different neurons.
stimulus
Stimuli for eyes are _____, activating neurons in the eyes.
Stimuli for ears are _____, activating neurons in the ears.
photons; vibrations
There are _____ cells that are necessary for nervous system functions. These cells are non-neuronal cells that maintain _____, form _____, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the peripheral nervous system, these cells include _____ and _____ cells.
glial/homeostasis/myelin/Schwann/satellite
When the ion flips, it becomes an _____.
action potential
A series of action potentials is called a _____.
nerve impulse
_____ means to jump or leap.
Saltore conduction
A _____ causes desensitization of neurons or slows down neurons.
Anesthetic
A stimuli must reach a _____ in order to activate a neuron.
threshold
A stimuli must reach a _____ in order to activate a neuron.
threshold
The cells in your body have an _____ to maintain or reset resting membrane potential.
The “membrane pump” removes ____ (Na+) for every 2 (____) brought in (a _____ ratio). It never gets to equal.
active transport system/3/K/3:2
There is more sodium (Na+) than potassium (K) inside.
The delay or reset time is called the _____; the amount of time necessary after an action potential occurs before the second action potential can occur (a pause).
There are two types: _____ and _____.
refractory period
relative; absolute
_____ - after firing an action potential, a second may occur if there is a change or increase in stimuli at 10-15 milliseconds.
relative
_____ - after an action potential occurs, a second cannot occur for 0-9 milliseconds.
absolute
Basic motor neuron
_____ - are the gaps within.
_____ - allows for conduction to take place.
_____ - is the covering of the neuron’s Schwann cells; acts as an insulator.
Nodes of Ranvier
axon
myelin sheath
Basic motor neuron
_____ - are the gaps within.
_____ - allows for conduction to take place.
_____ - is the covering of the neuron’s Schwann cells; acts as an insulator.
Nodes of Ranvier
axon
myelin sheath
These receive information from the neurons in the form of action potentials. These small structures are found at the end of the neurons next to the axon. They receive electrical messages from the axons of neurons.
The messages are either _____ or _____.
dendrites
excitatory; inhibitory
These types of signals cause the neuron to decrease its overall activity and release _____ signals.
inhibitory
These types of signals cause the neurons to increase its overall activity and release _____ neurotransmitters.
excitatory
_____ - the nerve cell body carries nerve impulses from sensory receptor toward the central nervous system.
Afferent
_____ - create neural circuits, enable communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system.
The interactions between these allow the brain to perform complex functions such as learning and decision-making.
Interneurons
_____ - carries nerve impulses (information) away from the central nervous system.
Efferent
_____ - is influenced by the neuron.
effector
_____ - is the area where a neuron comes into contact with a neuron.
synapse
_____ - specialized organelles called vesicles.
synaptic terminal
_____ - actual space between the presynaptic neuron and the effector.
synaptic cleft
_____ - the presynaptic part is located on an axon, the postsynaptic part is located on a dendrite or cell body (soma). They link the 2 membranes together and carry out the signaling process or messages from the presynaptic neuron to the effector.
This is done by chemical process, found within the vesicles.
synaptic membrane
_____ - the presynaptic part is located on an axon, the postsynaptic part is located on a dendrite or cell body (soma). They link the 2 membranes together and carry out the signaling process or messages from the presynaptic neuron to the effector.
This is done by chemical process, found within the vesicles.
synaptic membrane
These chemicals are referred to as _____; they act as a stimulus.
Examples are sodium (Na+) and calcium. Calcium enters the synaptic terminal.
neurotransmitters
_____ - a synapse which passes an _____ signal to its post-synaptic neuron or neurons causing them to be less likely to have an action potential or have reduced frequency of action potentials - decrease the rate of action or stop.
inhibitory synapse; inhibitory (signal)
_____ - a synapse which, upon activation, increases the likelihood of an action potential on the post-synaptic neuron or increases the frequency of firing of the post-synaptic neuron - excite the effector.
excitatory response
_____ - a synapse which, upon activation, increases the likelihood of an action potential on the post-synaptic neuron or increases the frequency of firing of the post-synaptic neuron - excite the effector.
excitatory response
A synapse is one of many located throughout the body. The effector determines the response. There are many types of neurotransmitters and each has a different effect on the body.
_____ acts within the brain to help regulate movement and emotion.
_____ acts as a mood regulator, stabilizer.
Estrogen and certain other hormones affect how neurotransmitters work.
dopamine; serotonin
_____ are chemicals in neurons that communicate information throughout our brain and body. These are used to communicate with effectors (i.e. others, muscles, glands, etc.)
neurotransmitters
_____ - examples are aldosterone, testosterone, and estrogen, which can affect the function of a neurotransmitter.
neuromodulator(s)
Is the primary cell of the nervous system; are a-mitotic; have the ability to conduct messages from one point to another.
neuron
Are accessory cells to the nervous system that maintain homeostasis; form myelin; and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
neuroglial cells
_____ - assist the neuron in conduction; form the myelin sheath.
Schwann cells
_____ - are the most common neuroglial cells. They serve multiple functions.
Their most important function is that they give neurons a blood supply and provide nutrients; act as an anchor to the neuron.
astrocytes
_____ - are found in the central nervous system (CNS); produce growth-inhibitory proteins that inhibit the growth of injured neurons.
oligodendrocytes
_____ - are found in the central nervous system (CNS); are almost like the white blood cells (WBC’s) of the nervous system. They maintain homeostasis of nervous tissue by responding to signals from other cells and remove material that affects homeostasis. Are derived from blood cells.
microglial
What are the 2 major parts of the central nervous system (CNS)?
brain and spinal cord
The outer part of the spinal cord is referred to as “?”. The inner section of the cord is called “?”. This is opposite from the brain, as the outer part of the brain is called ___ and the internal structure is the ___.
“white matter”/”grey matter”
grey matter/white matter
The outer part of the spinal cord is referred to as “?”. The inner section of the cord is called “?”. This is opposite from the brain, as the outer part of the brain is called ___ and the internal structure is the ___.
“white matter”/”grey matter”
grey matter/white matter
Nerves that take info towards the CNS are called _____.
afferent neurons
Nerves that take information away from the CNS are called _____.
efferent neurons
Nerves that take information away from the CNS are called _____.
efferent neurons
Nerves that take information away from the CNS are called _____.
efferent neurons
Afferent neurons (___) carry signals to the brain and spinal cord as ___ data.
sensory
Efferent neurons (___) send signals from the brain to the muscles, glands and organs of the body in response to sensory input.
motor
Nerves that exist between these two are called ___; they are the most common.
interneurons
What are the 3 sections into which the brain is divided?
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
The brain is also divided into 2 separate hemispheres; the right and left hemispheres.
In most cases, the right side of the brain affects the left side function of the body and vice versa.
This is located in the temporal lobe and primarily on the left side is the part of the brain responsible for understanding language.If this part of the brain is affected by injury or stroke, a person may not be able to understand language.
Wernicke’s area
This is a type of aphasia due to injury to the left frontal area.
Broca’s aphasia
This type of aphasia is characterized by superficially fluent, grammatical speech but an inability to use or to understand more than the most basic nouns and verbs.
Wernicke’s aphasia
This is located in the frontal lobe and is almost always dominant on the left side. This area affects speech. Articulation and with tongue and mouth comes from this area also. If a stroke affects this area of the brain, a person will have their speech affected.
This part of the brain is important for putting words together to form complete sentences.
Broca’s area
The central nervous system is divided into what 2 parts?
brain, spinal cord
What are the 3 parts of the brain?
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
The forebrain also contains this which makes of most part of the brain?
cerebrum (cortex)
The diencephalon is divided into these 3 parts?
epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
The forebrain is divided into what 4 areas?
frontal/parietal/temporal/occipital lobe(s)
The hindbrain is divided into what 3 parts?
pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
The hindbrain is divided into what 3 parts?
pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
This lobe is involved in vision and motor output?
occipital
This lobe is involved in sensory input and touch?
parietal
This lobe is involved in taste, smell, hearing, learning, memory, and some speech?
temporal
This lobe is the primary center for speech, personality, learning, and conscious thought?
frontal
The diencephalon is part of the forebrain and is divided into what 3 parts?
epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
This section is the integrating center for sensory input?
thalamus
This section includes the pineal gland; secretes melatonin; responsible for sleep/wake patterns.
epithalamus
This section is very important in internal regulation or homeostasis; i.e pressure in the body, respiratory rates, heart rate, and body temperature. Controls endocrine system and its function. Senses metabolic changes. Produces hormones that are stored in the pituitary for later release.
hypothalamus
This is the major relay station between the forebrain and hindbrain; it’s responsible for hearing and sight; helps with perception.
midbrain
What 3 parts make up the hindbrain?
pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
This relays sensory information to the thalamus; autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities).
medulla oblongata
This relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus; involuntary visceral motor centers.
pons
This is involved in involuntary control of complex somatic motor patterns; memory storage of learned motor patterns; adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in the brain and spinal cord.
cerebellum
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into what 2 divisions?
afferent (sensory) & efferent (motor)
The efferent (motor) division is further divided into what 2 areas?
somatic & autonomic
Is motor innervation of all skeletal muscles. Under mostly voluntary control. Sends information to structures you control.
somatic
Is motor innervation of all smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; involuntary.
autonomic
The autonomic nervous system is further divided into what 2 divisions?
sympathetic, parasympathetic
