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A&P I > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Is a process whereby which the initially identical cells present during the earliest stages of development not only undergo anatomical alteration but also acquire specialized physiological properties

1 cell gives rise to many cell types

A

Cellular differentiation

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2
Q

What are the 3 distinct layers that comprise humans?

A

Ectoderm/Mesoderm/Endoderm

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3
Q

Is the innermost layer, cells that end up here become the liver, digestive tract and respiratory system (i.e. lungs)

A

Endoderm

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4
Q

Is the outermost layer, these cells become the brain, spinal cord, nose, ears, nervous/olfactory systems

A

Ectoderm

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5
Q

Cells of this layer become reproductive organs, muscles, excretory system (i.e. kidneys)

A

Mesoderm

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6
Q

What are the 4 distinct categories where cells in the body can be divided into?

A

Muscle/Epithelial/Nerve/Connective

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7
Q

These function as anchors and support, reproduce quickly

Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fats, vascular

A

Connective tissue cells

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8
Q

These cells are found all over the body
Barriers all over the body’s surface, membranes, secretory cells of glands
Regulates transmissions; provides protection; reproduce quickly and can change

A

Epithelial cells

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9
Q

These cells have the ability to propagate a message from one point to another
Communicating cells electrically; are a-mitotic and do not reproduce

A

Nerve cells

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10
Q

Have the ability to create force or motion; are unique, a-mitotic and cannot reproduce
Can grow large or shrink; are mostly water and cannot turn into fats

A

Muscle cells

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11
Q

Physiological balance

Is a state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body; does not require energy

A

Homeostasis

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12
Q

What type of mechanism does homeostasis use to regulate functions?

A

Passive transport

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13
Q

This is the most predominant process to maintain homeostasis

A

Diffusion

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14
Q

_____ is the random movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

A

Diffusion

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15
Q

_____ temperature makes diffusion faster

A

Higher

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16
Q

_____ temperature makes diffusion slower

A

Lower

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17
Q

Larger molecules diffuse _____ than slower molecules

A

slower

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18
Q

_____ is the fluid outside the cell

A

Extracellular fluid

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of extracellular fluid?

A

intercellular (interstitial) & intracellular

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20
Q

_____ is fluid inside the cell

60% of body weight is water found the cells; 2/3 H2O

A

Intracellular fluid

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21
Q

_____ is fluid that is between the cells, 80%

The other 20% is _____, the fluid part of the blood

A

Intercellular fluid

Plasma

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22
Q

Homeostasis is regulated by 3 primary mechanisms in the human body (through ?)

A

diffusion

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23
Q

_____ is an anticipatory response; the example anticipates something before it happens (i.e. panic/anxiety; goosebumps, or getting cold before you go outside)

A

Feed forward

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24
Q

_____ where the initial condition that causes a response that is reversed; is the most common (i.e. after running/a work, sweating occurs)

A

Negative feedback

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25
Q

_____ where the initial condition that causes a response is enhanced or increased (i.e. childbirth)

A

Positive feedback

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26
Q

Diffusion of water is referred to as ?

A

Osmosis

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27
Q

Diffusion of water is referred to as ?

A

Osmosis

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28
Q

_____ is the way a cells reacts in a solution (fluid state) - a measure of the ability of a solution to cause a change in cell shape or tone by promoting osmotic flow of water

A

Tonicity

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29
Q

_____ is the dissolution or destruction of cells, exploding or rupturing of the cell

A

Lysis

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30
Q

What are the 3 types of solutions in regards to tonicity?

A

Hypertonic/Isotonic/Hypotonic

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31
Q

_____ is a solution in which a cell shrinks (i.e. crenation)

A

Hypertonic

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32
Q

_____ is a solution in which a cell swells/enlarges (i.e. hypertrophy)

A

Hypotonic

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33
Q

_____ is a solution in which there is an equal balance of solute/solvent; no net movement

A

Isotonic

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34
Q

Materials move from an area of _____ concentration to an area of _____ concentration until equilibrium is reached

A

greater, lesser

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35
Q

What are examples of diffusion factors?

A

size, polarity, movement, distance, temperature

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36
Q

_____ is a process by which substances are transported across cell membranes by means of protein carrier molecules; also called _____

A

Facilitated diffusion (or mediated transport), facilitated transport

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37
Q

What are the 3 forms of passive transport?

A

Specificity/Competition/Saturation

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38
Q

_____ takes energy to occur, energy donated by the cell

A

Active transport

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39
Q

Active transport;
Movement against concentration gradient/diffusion gradient
Movement from an area of _____ concentration to an area of _____ concentration

A

lower, higher

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40
Q

Active transport;
Movement against concentration gradient/diffusion gradient
Movement from an area of _____ concentration to an area of _____ concentration

A

lower, higher

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41
Q

_____ is a type of cellular process where movement happens from inside to outside

A

Exocytosis

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42
Q

_____ is a type of cellular process where movement happens from outside to inside

What are the 2 types of endocytosis?

A

Endocytosis

pinocytosis & phagocytosis

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43
Q

_____, cell drinking

A

Pinocytosis

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44
Q

_____, cell eating

A

Phagocytosis

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45
Q

____ is a type of transport that passes through a barrier; pulls in/pushes out

A

Epithelial transport

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46
Q

? - before a word means without

A

A-

An-

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47
Q

? - blue

A

Cyn-

Cyan-

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48
Q

? - to look

A

Scope-

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49
Q

? - suffix, to record

A

Gram-

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50
Q

? - pertaining to the heart

A

Cardio-

Cardia-

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51
Q

? - drug

A

Pharmic-

Pharmaco-

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52
Q

? - condition

A

Osis-

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53
Q

? - suffix, for the study of

A

Ology-

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54
Q

? - specialist, in the study of

A

Ologist-

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55
Q

? - stomach

A

Gastro-

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56
Q

? - inflammation

A

Itis-

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57
Q

? - cartilage

A

Chondro-

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58
Q

? - bone

A

Osteo-

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59
Q

? - body

A

Soma-

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60
Q

? - joint

A

Arthro-

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61
Q

? - beginning

A

Gen-

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62
Q

? - extremity

A

Acro-

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63
Q

? -cell

A

Cyto-

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64
Q

? - disease

A

Pathos-

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65
Q

? - increase in the angle of a joint

A

Flexion

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66
Q

? - decrease in the angle of a joint

A

Extension

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67
Q

? - movement away from the midline of the body

A

Abduction

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68
Q

? - movement towards the midline of the body

A

Adduction

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69
Q

? - movement external and internally

A

Rotational

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70
Q

? - toward the attached end of a limb or the origin of a structure, closest to the origin

A

Proximal

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71
Q

? - away from the attached end of a limb or the origin of a structure, farther from origin

A

Distal

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72
Q

? - front

A

Anterior

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73
Q

? - back

A

Posterior

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74
Q

? - closest to the midline

A

Medial

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75
Q

? - furthest from the midline

A

Lateral

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76
Q

? - posterior

A

Dorsal

77
Q

? - anterior

A

Ventral

78
Q

? - face up

A

Supine

79
Q

? - face down

A

Prone

80
Q

? - history

A

Hx

81
Q

? - mechanism, how did it happen

A

Mx

82
Q

? - symptoms

A

Sx

83
Q

? - treatment

A

Rx, Tx

84
Q

? - diagnosis, what it actually is, conformation

A

Dx

85
Q

? - prognosis, forecast of what it is

A

Px

86
Q

? - prognosis, forecast of what it is

A

Px

87
Q

? - fracture or break (same thing)

A

Fx

88
Q

? body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward

A

Anatomical position

89
Q

? relating to the head, neck and trunk; 1 of the 2 major divisions of the body

A

Axial

90
Q

? relating to the limbs; 1 of the 2 major divisions of the body

A

Appendicular

91
Q

? divides the body into right and left parts; longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions

A

Sagittal plane

92
Q

? specific plane that lies exactly in the midline, equal division of right and left half’s

A

Midsagittal (median) plane

93
Q

? longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts (front & back)

A

Frontal (coronal) plane

94
Q

? a plane running from right to left, dividing the body or an organ into superior and inferior parts

A

Transverse (horizontal) plane

95
Q

? a plane running from right to left, dividing the body or an organ into superior and inferior parts

A

Transverse (horizontal) plane

96
Q

? a cut made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical plane of the body or an organ

A

Oblique section

97
Q

_____ protects the nervous system, and is divided into 2 subdivisions

A

Dorsal body cavity

98
Q

_____ is within the skull, encases the brain

A

Cranial cavity

99
Q

_____ runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the spinal cord

A

Vertebral spinal cavity

100
Q

_____ houses the internal organs (viscera) and is divided into 2 sibdivisions

A

Ventral body cavity

101
Q

_____ is surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest

A

Thoracic cavity

102
Q

_____ (right & left) each enveloping a lung

A

Pleural cavities

103
Q

_____ contains the pericardial cavity - which encloses the heart and it also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs

A

Mediastinum cavity

104
Q

_____ contains the pericardial cavity - which encloses the heart and it also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs

A

Mediastinum cavity

105
Q

The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated by the _____?

A

Diaphragm

106
Q

_____ lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs and the rectum

A

Pelvic cavity

107
Q

_____ contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver and other organs

A

Abdominal cavity

108
Q

_____ composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins that encloses cell contents; outer limiting cell membrane, thereby separating 2 of the body’s major fluid compartments - the intracellular fluid within the cell and the extracellular fluid outside the cell

A

Plasma membrane

109
Q

_____ organelle responsible for cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

110
Q

_____ organelles that digest enzymes

A

Lysosomes

111
Q

_____ organelle responsible for cellular reproduction; where genetic material is found

A

Nucleolus

112
Q

_____ cytoplasmic organelle which manufactures proteins, found on the endoplasmic reticulum surface

A

Ribosomes

113
Q

_____ double membrane that surrounds barrier of a cell nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

114
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

  • double bilayer of lipids with embedded, dispersed proteins
  • bilayer consists of phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids
A
  • glycolipids are lipids with bound carbohydrates
  • phospholipids have hydrophobic and hydrophilic dipoles
  • polar outside, nonpolar inside
115
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

  • double bilayer of lipids with embedded, dispersed proteins
  • bilayer consists of phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids
A
  • glycolipids are lipids with bound carbohydrates
  • phospholipids have hydrophobic and hydrophilic dipoles
  • polar outside, nonpolar inside
116
Q

_____ are firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer, have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, can interact with the nonpolar lipid tails buried in the membrane and with water inside and outside the cell

A

Integral proteins

117
Q

_____ are loosely attached and are easily removed without disrupting the membrane. Include a network of filaments that help support the membrane from its cytoplasmic side. Some are enzymes and others are motor proteins involved in mechanical functions

A

Peripheral proteins

118
Q

_____ is the fuzzy, sticky, carbohydrate-rich area at the cell surface

A

Glycocalyx

119
Q

_____ are anchoring junctions scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells and prevent separation

A

Desmosomes

120
Q

_____ are integral proteins that form impermeable junctions that encircle the cell

A

Tight junctions

121
Q

_____ or nexus; a communicating junction between adjacent cells, allows chemicals to pass

A

Gap junctions

122
Q

_____ or nexus; a communicating junction between adjacent cells, allows chemicals to pass

A

Gap junctions

123
Q

_____ is composed of about 30% DNA which is called genetic material

A

Chromatin

124
Q

_____ are tightly coiled chromatin; protects chromatin

A

Chromosome

125
Q

Cell cycle

  • Interphase
    • G1 growth
    • S DNA synthesis
    • G2 growth
A
  • Mitotic phase
    • Prophase
    • Metaphase
    • Anaphase
    • Telophase
    • Cytokinesis
126
Q

Cell cycle

  • Interphase
    • G1 growth
    • S DNA synthesis
    • G2 growth
A
  • Mitotic phase
    • Prophase
    • Metaphase
    • Anaphase
    • Telophase
    • Cytokinesis
127
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous

128
Q

?

  • the major tissue(s) of glands
  • widespread, covers all parts of the body; inside and out
  • vascular or avascular?
  • anchored to basement membranes
  • reproduce rapidly
  • tightly packed, protective barriers, secreting cells, absorb well
  • certain types can act like neurons, can conduct impulses
A

Epithelial tissue

avascular

129
Q

?

  • the major tissue(s) of glands
  • widespread, covers all parts of the body; inside and out
  • vascular or avascular?
  • anchored to basement membranes
  • reproduce rapidly
  • tightly packed, protective barriers, secreting cells, absorb well
  • certain types can act like neurons, can conduct impulses
A

Epithelial tissue

avascular

130
Q

Functions:

protection / absorption / filtration / excretion / secretion / sensory reception

A

Special characteristics:

  • Cellularity - composed almost entirely of cells
  • Polarity - apical surface and basal surface
  • Specialized contacts - fit close together to form continuous sheets, bound together by tight junctions and desmosomes
  • Supported by connective tissue - deep to the basal lamina is the reticular lamina
  • Avascular but innervated - contains no blood vessels, but supplied by nerve fibers
  • Regeneration - rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division
131
Q

What are 3 types of epithelial cells?

A

squamous / cuboidal / columnar

132
Q

____ have ducts, tubes that connect (i.e. parotid, sub mandibular, sublingual)

A

Exocrine glands

133
Q

_____ are ductless glands; produce secretions (i.e. pituitary)

A

Endocrine glands

134
Q

_____ are glands that produce and release fluids without the loss of any cytoplasm or cells, just release fluids

A

Merocrine glands

135
Q

What are the 2 categories of merocrine glands?

A

serous enzymes / mucose

136
Q

_____ produce and secrete fluids and with that fluid they lose cells

A

Holocrine glands

137
Q

_____ will lose parts of cells, not whole cells

A

Apocrine glands

138
Q

_____ will lose parts of cells, not whole cells

A

Apocrine glands

139
Q

What are the 4 main classes of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone tissue
Blood

140
Q

What are the 4 main classes of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone tissue
Blood

141
Q

What are the 2 subclasses of connective tissue?

A

loose & dense (connective tissue)

142
Q
  • ?

- _____, most common type, large white and yellow fibers of protein

A

Resident cells

Fibroblast(s)

143
Q

White fibers are called _____; is the major structural protein in the body; pulls things together

A

Collagen fibers

144
Q

Yellow fibers are called _____;
Adipose tissue or fat, stores fat, connective tissue
_____, is a special kind of white blood cell, can also be wondering

A

Elastic fibers

Macrophage(s)

145
Q
  • ?
  • _____, most common, produces 2 distinct chemicals;
    _____, which is an anticoagulant
    _____, which is a blood dialator
A

Wondering cells
Mast cell(s)
Heparin
Histamine

146
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline (milk glass)
Elastic
Fibro

147
Q

_____, plyable, found where strength and stretchability are needed

A

Elastic

148
Q

_____; the most abundant type in the body; ends of bones; connections between ribs and sternum

A

Hyaline

149
Q

_____; shock absorber, perfect structural intermediate; found in the menisci of the knee

A

Fibro

150
Q

Cartilage is avascular/vascular?

A

avascular

151
Q

?

  • Is the most rigid form of connective tissue, protection, mobility and in forming blood cells
  • Has a lot of collagen, gives it angular strength
  • Mineral salts, calcium phosphate
A

Bone

152
Q

?

- Is the most atypical connective tissue

A

Blood

153
Q

?

- Is a type of connective tissue that does not reproduce; creates force and motion

A

Muscle

154
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal / cardiac / smooth

155
Q

?

  • Has striated, branched, uninucleated fibers
  • Occurs in the walls of the heart
  • Is involuntary
A

Cardiac muscle

156
Q

?

  • Has striated, tubular, multinucleated fibers
  • Is usually attached to skeleton
  • Is voluntary
A

Skeletal muscle

157
Q

?

  • Has spindle-shaped, nonstriated, uninucleated fibers
  • Occurs in walls of internal organs
  • Is involuntary
A

Smooth muscle

158
Q

____ is 1 of the 4 main tissue types that does not reproduce

A

Nerve tissue

159
Q

What are the 3 major layers of the skin?

A

epidermis / dermis / hypodermis

160
Q

_____, or middle region

A

Dermis

161
Q

_____, or subcutaneous layer; the deepest region; superficial fascia

A

Hypodermis

162
Q

_____, the outermost layer; superficial region

A

Epidermis

163
Q

Cells of the Epidermis
_____ function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings (are why paper cuts hurt; due to the activation of these)
_____ produces the brown pigment melanin
_____ are epidermal macrophages that help activate the immune system
_____ produces the fibrous protein keratin

A

Merkel cells

Melanocytes

Langerhans cells

Keratinocytes

164
Q

?
- 3 to 5 layers of flattened cell, organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamellated granules (release lipids) and keratohyaline granules

A

Stratum granulosum (granular layer)

165
Q

?
- deepest epidermal layer; 1 row of actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers

A

Stratum basale (basal layer)

166
Q

?
- most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of dead cells represented only by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space

A

Stratum corneum (horny layer)

167
Q

?
- several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes. Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

A

Stratum spinosum (prickly layer)

168
Q

Horny layer

  • outermost layer of keratinized cell
  • accounts for 3/4 of the epidermal thickness
A

Functions;

  • Waterproofing
  • Protection from abrasion and penetration
  • Durable overcoat for the body, protecting deeper cells from hostile external environment (air) and from water loss
169
Q

Horny layer

  • outermost layer of keratinized cell
  • accounts for 3/4 of the epidermal thickness
A

Functions;

  • Waterproofing
  • Protection from abrasion and penetration
  • Durable overcoat for the body, protecting deeper cells from hostile external environment (air) and from water loss
170
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A

papillary layer / reticular layer

171
Q

_____ is the deeper layer

A

reticular layer

172
Q

_____ is the outer layer

A

papillary layer

173
Q

_____ layer

  • accounts for _____ % thickness of the skin
  • contains larger blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerve fibers
  • collagen fibers in this layer add strength and resiliency to the skin
  • elastin fibers provide strength-recoil properties; contains collagen and elastic fibers
A

Reticular

80 (%)

174
Q

_____ layer

  • accounts for _____ % thickness of the skin
  • contains larger blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerve fibers
  • collagen fibers in this layer add strength and resiliency to the skin
  • elastin fibers provide strength-recoil properties; contains collagen and elastic fibers
A

Reticular

80 (%)

175
Q

_____ (subcutaneous) layer

  • subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
  • composed of adipose tissue
  • insulates and stores energy
A

Hypodermis

176
Q

Skin Color

What 3 pigments contribute to skin color?

A

melanin / carotene / hemoglobin

177
Q

_____ is a yellow to orange pigment found in certain plant products like carrots. Accumulates in the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis

A

Carotene

178
Q

_____; the pinkish hue of fair skin reflects the crimson color of the oxygenated pigment _____ in the red blood cells circulating through the dermal capillaries

A

Hemoglobin

179
Q

_____; yellow to tan to reddish-brown to black pigments; responsible for dark skin color
Freckles and pigmented nevi (moles) are local accumulations of _____?

A

Melanin

180
Q

Sweat Glands
- Different types prevent overheating of the body; secreting cerumen and milk
What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A

eccrine & apocrine

181
Q

Sweat Glands
- Different types prevent overheating of the body; secreting cerumen and milk
What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A

eccrine & apocrine

182
Q

_____ sweat glands are found in the axillary and anogenital areas

A

apocrine

183
Q

_____ sweat glands are found in the palms, soles of the feet and the forehead

A

eccrine

184
Q

_____ are specialized sweat glands; secrete milk

A

mammary glands

185
Q

_____ are modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal. Secretion mixes with sebum produced by nearby sebaceous glands to form a sticky bitter substance called cerumen, or earwax

A

Sebaceous glands

186
Q

Sebaceous glands

  • simple, alveolar glands found all over the body
  • soften skin when stimulated by hormones
  • secrete an oily substance called ?
A

sebum

187
Q

Hair

  • filamentous strands of dead keratinized cells produced by hair follicles
  • contains hard keratin which is tougher and more durable than soft keratin of the skin
  • made up of shafts projecting from the skin and the root embedded in the skin
  • consists of a core called the ?, a cortex and an outermost cuticle
  • pigment by ? at the base of the hair
A

medulla

melanocytes

188
Q

Types of Hair
_____ - pale, fine body hair
_____ - coarser, longer hair; eyebrows, scalp, pubic, body, arms, legs, chest, face

A

Vellus

Terminal

A&P I (7 decks)

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