exam 3 Flashcards
alliances
formal or informal arrangements designed to ensure mutual security
when do alliances collapse?
when allies see each other as threats to their security
why couldn’t Bismark’s alliance system be maintained?
it was complex and flexible, it could not be maintained once the master juggler left the scene
lessons from war: funnel of choices:
- process is important (constructivist contribution)
- beware of complacency
- make provision for military stability
thesis of origins of world war i
as the alliance system became less flexible, the balance of power became less multi polar and war became more likely
consequences of world war i?
15 million killed; four empires destroyed: german, austro-hungarian, russian, and ottoman; us and japan became major players
crowe memorandum
spartan reaction to athens
tirpitz plan
naval expansion
nationalism
pan-slavism and anti-slavism, nicky/willie letter
complacency aobut peace
influence of social darwinism
clumsy German policy
naval arms race result in encirclement of germany
Austrian and ottoman empires:internal crises:
first Balkan war pushed out the turks; serbia posed a threat to austria
domestic policies of germany
Fritz fisher cited the coalition of rye and iron; expansionism seen as an alternative to social democracy
Franz Josef
tired old man manipulated by count berchtold who was restrained by Franz Ferdinand who managed to block Serbian ambitions and alter sent the ultimatum in 1914
who was a weak emotional blusterer?
Kaiser Wilhelm II
what are the three types of causes?
- deep cause
- intermediate cause
- precipitating cause
deep cause
rise of German power bipolar alliance system, rise of nationalism, and German politics
intermediate causes
German policy, complacency, idiosyncrasies of eladers
precipitating cause
assassination of Franz Ferdinand by gavrilo princip in sarajevo
deterrent effect of the growth of Russian strength: schlieffen plan:
a knockout blow against France through Belgium before turning east
simple local war
a replay of the bosnian crisis of 1908-09 in which russia yielded
one-front war
it was possible to alter the mobilization schedules
two-front war without britain
split cabinet
war without united states
no submarine campaign, no Zimmerman telegraph
what led to the Russian empires partial and temporary break-up created an unprecedented political situation in the months following the war?
defeat of the triple-alliance- the German, austro-hungarian, and ottoman empires, and the revolutions of 1917
who were the communist revolutions suppressed by in 1919?
Germany and Hungary
the Adriatic port city of Fiume/Rijeka was seized by who?
Gabriele D’Annunzio
friedrich hayek’s sense of constructivism
according to more or less specific plans or rationalist schemes
what two artificial states are left in Europe today?
Belgium and Bosnia-Herzgovina
after the first world war, who provided a system for protecting national minorities?
League of Nations
what replaced the league of nations?
united nations
what new multinational states emerged from the ruins of the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1918?
Czechoslovakia an the kingdom of Yugoslavia
how the new system of collective security was supposed to work (League of Nations)
- aggression and offensive war were outlaws
- aggression deterred by forming a coalition of non aggressors who would aid the victim
- if deterrence failed and aggression occurred, all states would agree to punish the aggressor
contrast with balance of power
- focus on the aggressive policies of a state rather than its capacity
- alliances not formed in advance
- collective security was to be global; no neutrals of free riders
two interrelated concepts
sovereignty and international law
what did sovereignty and international law grow out of?
grew out of the peace of westphalia
who led a reservationist faction?
Lodge
Locarno
germany restored; fixed western, negotiable eastern borders; wahington conference, kellog-briand pact
Britain in the early days of the League
appeasement, reintegrated Germany
france in the early days of the League?
sought seurity guarantees, alliances with Poland, little entente
weimar in the early days of the league?
war guilt, reparations, loss of Ruhr
Italy in the early days of the league?
deprived of the spoils of victory
what is the main thrust of Cohrs arguments about the new int’l order
is that a new int’l order was not created at Versailles; but rather that the treaties of the mid-1920s -the lodon reparations settlement of the 1924 and the locarno pact marked the beginning of the ‘real’ peace settlement
what was the chaos of civil war among warlords; humiliation of the unequal treaties?
republic of China (Manchurian failure)
what left Japan vulnerable?
Great Depression
what country, which had long wanted to colonize Ethiopia, provoked incidents alon the Eritrean border then invaded, Oct 1935?
Italy
Hossbach memorandum
war by 1943
what ended Europes hegemony?
Act II of the Great War
Hitler’s four options
- passivity
- industrial expansion
- Versailles revisions
- break out of the encirclement by going east for living space
Hitler’s strategy: diplomatic maneuvers:
Withdrew from League and disarmament conference, signed treaty with Poland, tripled army, offered Britain a naval treaty, moved troops into the Rhineland during Ethiopian crisis
Hitler’s strategy: diplomatic maneuvers:
Axis pact with Italy, Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan; support given to Spanish nationalists [not “fascists”]; takeover of Austria [Anschluss] and Sudetenland
what was followed by the takeover of Czechoslovakia, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and the seizure and partition of Poland in Sept?
Munich Conference
Military Mastery
phony war, takeover of Denmark and Norway, blitzkrieg, British evacuate Dunkirk
Overreaching
Battle of Britain, USSR, US
causes
Hitler’s personality:1. his appetite grew with the eating;2. his racist ideology deprived him of critical assets
systematic 1. structural: Versailles stirred up German nationalism and left the Germans the capacity to do something about it; the absence of the US and the USSR from the balance of power until late in the game elf Germany undeterred
causes
b. process: Germany was a revisionist state that sought to destroy the Versailles system; the growth of ideologies engendered hatreds and hindered communications
3. domestic: 1. class cleavages and ideological dispute in Britain and France b. economic collapse
c. US isolation, although FDR promoted the destroyer deal and lend-lease
pacific war: individual:
FDR’s punitive sanctions
pacific war: domestic:
economic collapse, militarism
pacific war: systemic
Japanese need for raw materials and American isolationism
pacific war: japans three options:
- strike the USSR
- strike the rest of Southeast Asia
- strike the united States, which had imposed a full embargo on oil and scrap metal
when was appeasement of the pacific war achieved?
1815
what was one of the great ironies of the interwar period?
the west confronted Germany in the 1920s when it should have been appeased and appeased Germany in the 1930s when it should have been confronted
what might have helped forestall WWI and deterrence might have prevented WWII?
accommodation of Germany
deterrence
discouragement through fear rather than defense after an attack; it is an extension of the balance of power logic
containment
encircling or otherwise restraining an enemy: offensive of defensive, military or economic; during the cold war it was the american policy of containing soviet communism so as to promote a liberal economic and political world order
three approaches to the cold war
traditionalist, revisionist, soft
traditionalist approach to the cold war
stalin and the soviet union started the cold war. Evidence: US demobilized, USSR occupied E. Europe; US accommodated USSR at Yalta, USSR rigged elections, blockaded Berlin
revisionists approach to the cold war
USSR was weaker than US and had a moderating influence
soft approach to the cold war
revisionists blame Truman for cutting off lend-lease and using nuclear intimidation
hard revisionist approach to cold war
american economic hegemony could not tolerate an autarkic economic area; marshall plan, open door
postrevisionists approach to the cold war
cold war was inevitable due to the bipolar structure of the postwar balance of power; milieu goals of US vs. soviet possession goals
milieu
intangible
cold war security dilemma
neither could permit the other to dominate europe
Roosevelt’s policy
Unconditional surrender of Germany; liberal trade system; powerful UN security council; bipartisan foreign policy; too much faith in UN, Stalin underestimated
Stalin policy
Domestic control tightened because communist ideology had been weakened by nationalist appeals; protective isolation and maintenance of spheres of influence; Western soft spots probed
Kennan’s analysis of the cold war
- Soviets had skeletons in their closet that they wished to keep hidden:
- Disillusionment over Stalin’s behavior in snubbing the UN and scolding FDR
- in its weakness, the West was to blame for the tragic necessity of having to rely on the Soviets; the price was paid in the form of the postwar dominance of much of Europe
gradual onset of the cold war
Kennan and Churchill warned against Soviet expansionism
six issues with conflict in cold war
- Poland, east Europe
- lend-lease, denied loan requests
- German reparations and reconstruction
- east asia
- atomic bomb, Baruch Plan rejected
- Greece, Turkey, Middle East
Truman doctrine
moralistic, ideological explanation for aid to Greece and turkey; Kennan objected that it was too open-ended
Marshall plan
soviets pulled the plug on Czechoslovakia; Berlin Blockade, Berlin airlift
Post-1949 Rigidity:
soviet atomic test, fall of china
systemic: bipolarity
followed collapse of other great powers; resulting power vacuum changed relationships; four areas of creativity
societal levels of analysis
russian political culture; strong leaders, fear of anarchy and invasion, shame about backwardness, secrecy; communist overlay, class rights, secretive foreign policy
societal
American political culture: liberal democracy, pluralism, fragmentation of power; pride in technology and expanding economy; island of the blessed surrounded by two ocean-moats (K-L); open society, emphasis on individual justice; extrovert/ introvert foreign policy
Yalta objectives
Stalin: Germany, Poland
Churchill objectives
France restred to balance USSR
Roosevelt objectives
UN, open int’l economy
how did STalin’s expansionism differ form Hitler’s
a) Not bellicist, b) cautiously opportunistic, not recklessly adventuresome; cf. Britain: security dilemma legitimized its defensive expansionism (imperialism)
Eisenhower doctrine
roll back communism
Geneva summit
austria neutralized
secret speech
led to hungarian uprising
detnte
followed the cuba misile crisis
nixon strategy
- nuclear parity
- china
- increase trad
- linkage
countertrends
soviet defense build-up, soviet interventions, America’s rightward turn
imperial overstretch
but the ussr has not been defeated of weakened in great power war
who wanted to reform communism not replace it?
Gorbachev
peristroika
restructuring
glasnot
openness
liberal ideas
Openness, democracy, and the new thinking were Western ideas that had been adopted by the generation of 1956; they were spread through transnational communications and the demonstration effect of Western economic success
imperial overstretch
Opportunity costs of the enormous Soviet defense budget: health care decline, mortality rise, Ogarkov warning
decline of communist ideology
It was progressively undercut by de-Stalinization in 1956 and the repressions of Hungary (1956), Czechoslovakia (1968), and Poland (1981)
failure of the soviet economy
Central planning was unresponsive to a changing world economy; Stalin favored smokestack industries; the third industrial revolution needed capitalism’s creative destruction
political effects of the H-bomb
- concept of limited war revived
- crises replaced war
- deterrence became keys strategy
- proxy wars superpower prudence
- stigma attached to the sue of nuclear weaponry
between 1946 and 1975 _____ and _____ emerged
colonial rule, new ocuntries
