Exam 2 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
world imperial system
A
western: Spanish, French, British
regional empires: Sumerian, Persian, Chinese
2
Q
feudal system
A
crosscutting, non-territorial loyalties and conflicts
3
Q
examples of anarchic system of states
A
- city-states
b. dynastic territorial states
4
Q
NGO
A
non-governmental organization
5
Q
IGO
A
intergovernmental organizations
6
Q
who said that people can make contracts?
A
john locke
7
Q
who emphasized insecurity, force, and survival?
A
Thomas Hobbes
8
Q
what is the dominant tradition, it is more pessimistic?
A
realism
9
Q
strategos
A
general
10
Q
who was the father of realism?
A
Thucydides
11
Q
what is a characteristic of an anarchic organization?
A
security dilemmas
12
Q
prisoners dilemma
A
a. cooperation
b. issues of trust and credibility
13
Q
the more optimistic tradition, traces back to baron Montesquieu, Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Woodrow Wilson?
A
Liberalism
14
Q
what is often called idealism?
A
liberalism
15
Q
constructivists
A
a. concepts are socially constructed, subjective, and impermanent
b. focus on ideas and culture
c. understanding of “security” evolves
d. feminist critiques
e. debates over basic concepts: sovereignty, humanitarian intervention
f. john maynard keynes dead scibblers
16
Q
world imperial system (empires)
A
a. Roman Empire (27 BC- 476 AD),
b. Habsburg Spain,
c. Bourbon France,
d. British Empire
17
Q
feudal system
A
crazy quilt of loyalties, but knit together by a common order under the empire and church
18
Q
anarchic system of states
A
greek and italian city-states, sovereign territorial states, peace of westphalia
19
Q
what is Thomas Hobbes’s state of nature?
A
no common enforcement of international law
20
Q
how do domestic and international politics differ?
A
- no one has monopoly on the use of force
2. lack of common loyalties and standards of justice
21
Q
what says the central problem is war and the use of force; the central actors are states; states seek to maximize their power?
A
realism
22
Q
what says the global society functions alongside states and sets part of the context; ecological interdependence blurs borders; it aspires toward an international legal order?
A
liberalism
23
Q
what is marxism?
A
class conflict and struggles among capitalist states (imperialism) lead to war
24
Q
what is the dependency theory?
A
the wealthy countries of the “core” dominate and hold back countries of the periphery
25
what are merely variations on one state-centric rationalist mode of international relations?
neorealism and neoliberalism
26
who adds neoconservativatism, a convergence of liberalism with anticommunism?
Codevilla
27
what concepts are socially constructed rather than expressions of permanent reality?
nation and sovereignty
28
who (group) seeks to understand how preferences are formed and knowledge is generated prior tot he exercise of instrumental rationality?
constructivists
29
building blocks: goals
military security, economic strength
30
instruments
link between military strength and achievement has loosened; but the balance of power is usually determined by a hegemonic state, a role by the British empire, and more recently, the US
31
who oppressed the allies by raiding the Delian treasury for his public works projects?
Pericles
32
why did Sparta form the Peloponnesian League?
as a defensive alliance
33
what happened in Epidamnus (Albania) that threatened to shift the balance of power?
outbreak of civil war
34
why did Athenian deterrence fail?
Athens intervened to protect Corcyra; Corinth stirred a revolt in Potidaea in 432; the Athenians, among them Alcibiades and Socrates, put it down
35
why did Sparta go to war?
to maintain the balance of power
36
what led to the fatal miscalculation in the attack on Sicily?
the overconfidence and imperial hubris of the Athenians
37
advantage of "tit for tat"
Robert Axelrod
38
Donald Kagan: precipitating causes:
Corinth misjudged the Athenian response: Pericles overreacted
39
modern lessons
1) Be aware of regularities and changes
2) Beware of patently shallow historical analogies
3) Be aware of the selectivity of historians: See “Models of Historical Interpretation”
4) Be aware the questions change; historians are affected by their contemporary concerns
5) The need to select does not mean that everything is relative or that history is bunk
40
Corcyra used what in its appeal to Athens?
the language of ethics
41
moral arguments can be mere propaganda...
used to disguise less elevated motives e.g. melian dialogue
42
what are the two traditions of moral judgment?
1. Kant: internationalism (idealism)
| 2. Benthan: consequentialism (utilitarianism)
43
who holds lying wrong because of negaive consequences produced by lying---but may accept it in some cases?
a consequentialist
44
who might argue that lying is always wrong despite any potential good that might come from lying?
deontologist
45
who focuses less on lying on any particular case and instead considers what a decision to tell lie or not tell a lie says about a person's character and moral behavior
virtue ethicist
46
jeremy benthan
english utilitarian philosopher, ethical hedonist
47
immanuel kant
german idealist philosopher, ethical deontologist
48
aristotle
aretaic (virtue) ethicist
49
what are the three views of the role of morality?
skeptics, state moralists, cosmopolitans
50
skeptics
moral categories are meaningless; no institutions exist to provide order; but there are choices
51
"a balance of power alleviates the condition of international anarchy"
Hobbes
52
points to international law and customs, along with areas of cooperation
liberals
53
"national boundaries have a moral significance because states represent the pooled rights of individuals who have come together for a common life"?
Walzer
54
intervention
a long-standing problem, but the means and consequences differ widely
55
radical view of cosmopolitans
inequality must be abolished; national boundaries lack moral standing; but realists warn against formenting disorder
56
moderate view of cosmopolitans
policies can be designed to assist basic human needs and rights without destroying order
57
what is a state?
a type of political unit that combines two crucial characteristics
58
territoriality
governing a specific space
59
sovereignty
the absolute right to do so
60
the structure and processes of political institutions
government
61
a cultural concept like ethnic group
nation
62
any person or body whose decisions and actions have repercussions for itnernational politics: anthropomorphizing is common
actor
63
attributes of states
1. all but failed states control the flow of people and goods across their borders
2. states are normally the only actors that wield significant armies
3. states have the power to tax and spend in sinificant amounts
4. only states promulgate and enforce laws and are answerable to no higher authority
64
what is power?
the ability to achieve one's purposes or goals
65
Power Conversion
Capacity to convert potentia (physical power), as measured by resources, to realized power, as measured by the changed behavior of others
66
power resources
Population is a critical resource, providing a base for taxes and military recruitment; industry, railroads, and nationalist sentiment have become important
67
Hard Power
may rest on inducements (carrots) or threats (sticks).
68
Soft Power:
The propaganda of attractive ideas, the ability to set the agenda, determining framework of a debate. Classic realists understood the role of ideas.
69
authority
can be a power resource when others respect it, but power can be had without authority
70
system
interrelated sets of units or a pattern of relationships among these greater than the sum of the parts
71
the structure of a system=
distribution of power; it is more basic and changes slowly
72
what does the process of a system refer to?
patterns and types of interaction among its units
73
Kenneth Waltz distinguishes three levels of causation:
individual, state, and system
74
individual level
we may focus on the character or personality of individuuals, or we may focus on common characteristics, such as "human nature"
75
what are the four main approaches of political psychology?
cognitive, motivational, behavioral economics, psychobiography
76
cognitive
analogies: western leaders misjudged Gamal Abdel Nasser as an opportunistic aggressor like Hitler or Mussolini
77
motivational
fears: don't shoot the messenger, dismissal as "going native"
78
behavioral economics
prospect theory: taking greater risks to avoid losses
79
psychobiography
Signumd Freud and William C. Bullitt on Woodrow Wilson
80
what does a state or domestic level analysis focus on?
on the nature of a given society: whether it is democratic, tyrannical, capitalist, or whatever
81
system level analysis focuses on what?
the way the overall system constrains the states
82
rule of parsimony
simple explanations that shave away unnecessary detail-but also look at the range of a theory and its explanatory fit.
83
parsimonious neorealist view:
a state's position in a system determines how it acts; states with similar positions will act similarly
84
who argues that the internal organization of the state under capitalism causes war?
marxists
85
what is the critique of the Marxist foreign policy?
fails to explain onset on WWI, sino-soviet split, trialteralism
86
classical liberalism
capitalist states tend to be peaceful since war is bad for business
87
social strand argues what?
that personal contacts reduce conflict by promoting understanding, but the evidence in its favor is at best mixed
88
what emphasizes the importance of international institutions, which provides a framework that shapes expectations and, by reducing the acuteness of the security dilemma, reduces the effect of the anarchy that realists assume?
political liberalism (neoliberalism)
89
hypothesis qualified
many new democracies are only plebiscitary democracies without liberal democratic process of free press, checks on executive power, and regular elections
90
counterfactuals
are contrary-to-fact conditionals; they are thought experiments to define causal claims
91
who spread the exogenous french revolutionary idea of popular sovereignty?
Napoleon
92
development and use of new weapons made WWI particularly bloody
technology
93
social organization of war
frederick II employed a mercenary army of summer soldiers
94
levee en masse
mass mobilization
95
constant rule of prudent politics
Hume
96
chimera, incomprehensible nothing
Cobden
97
evil principle ignores public wishes
wilson
98
states balance power not to preserve peace, but their independence
its rationale
99
hegemonic stability theory
imbalanced power produces peace; war is more likely when a strong power slips and a new challenger rises
100
who said "there are no permanent alliances, only permanent interests"?
Lord Palmerston
101
who supported the defense of France against Germant?
Sir edward Grey
102
who restored the structure of the old order at the Congress of Vienna?
Prince Klemens con Metternich and his counterparts
103
who sought to unify Germany at that time and promulgated a liberal constitution, but he soon backpedaled and withdrew his proposed Erfurt Union in 1850 because of Austrian objections?
Fredrick William IV
104
who was an agile diplomat who delayed the effects of this major structural change to the system's political process?
Otto von Bismark
105
idealism (german wars of unification)
underlying harmony in human relations; abnormality of war
106
realism (german wars of unification)
right, as the world goes, is only in questions between equals in power, while the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must.
107
german national problem
1. German Confederation, 1848: 38 states
2. Growth of national feeling, desire for unity
3. Question of Austrian vs. Prussian hegemony
4. Liberal nationalists sought a constitutional federal government; conservatives sought cooperation with the Austrian monarchy
5. The Prussian king refused the offer of an imperial crown; a Prussian Union also failed
108
realist methods used for conservative aims
1. national sentiment used to unify Germany
2. Austria excluded from the new German state
3. army used as a nation-building instrument
109
how did technology influence the german wars of unification?
Prussian railroads made possible rapid mobilization of troops to the frontlines and shifting them to other battlefields as needed for concentrated firepower
2) The telegraph enabled orders to go out more rapidly, the Railway subsection to control trains, and Moltke to control a large army
3) The new breech-loading rifle was quicker to load and more maneuverable
110
revanchism
french outcry for revenge
111
early 19c german general and strategist
karl von clausewitz
112
what is the basis for military prowess?
industrial strength
