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Government 340 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

world imperial system

A

western: Spanish, French, British

regional empires: Sumerian, Persian, Chinese

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2
Q

feudal system

A

crosscutting, non-territorial loyalties and conflicts

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3
Q

examples of anarchic system of states

A
  1. city-states

b. dynastic territorial states

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4
Q

NGO

A

non-governmental organization

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5
Q

IGO

A

intergovernmental organizations

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6
Q

who said that people can make contracts?

A

john locke

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7
Q

who emphasized insecurity, force, and survival?

A

Thomas Hobbes

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8
Q

what is the dominant tradition, it is more pessimistic?

A

realism

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9
Q

strategos

A

general

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10
Q

who was the father of realism?

A

Thucydides

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11
Q

what is a characteristic of an anarchic organization?

A

security dilemmas

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12
Q

prisoners dilemma

A

a. cooperation

b. issues of trust and credibility

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13
Q

the more optimistic tradition, traces back to baron Montesquieu, Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Woodrow Wilson?

A

Liberalism

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14
Q

what is often called idealism?

A

liberalism

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15
Q

constructivists

A

a. concepts are socially constructed, subjective, and impermanent
b. focus on ideas and culture
c. understanding of “security” evolves
d. feminist critiques
e. debates over basic concepts: sovereignty, humanitarian intervention
f. john maynard keynes dead scibblers

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16
Q

world imperial system (empires)

A

a. Roman Empire (27 BC- 476 AD),
b. Habsburg Spain,
c. Bourbon France,
d. British Empire

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17
Q

feudal system

A

crazy quilt of loyalties, but knit together by a common order under the empire and church

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18
Q

anarchic system of states

A

greek and italian city-states, sovereign territorial states, peace of westphalia

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19
Q

what is Thomas Hobbes’s state of nature?

A

no common enforcement of international law

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20
Q

how do domestic and international politics differ?

A
  1. no one has monopoly on the use of force

2. lack of common loyalties and standards of justice

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21
Q

what says the central problem is war and the use of force; the central actors are states; states seek to maximize their power?

A

realism

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22
Q

what says the global society functions alongside states and sets part of the context; ecological interdependence blurs borders; it aspires toward an international legal order?

A

liberalism

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23
Q

what is marxism?

A

class conflict and struggles among capitalist states (imperialism) lead to war

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24
Q

what is the dependency theory?

A

the wealthy countries of the “core” dominate and hold back countries of the periphery

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25
Q

what are merely variations on one state-centric rationalist mode of international relations?

A

neorealism and neoliberalism

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26
Q

who adds neoconservativatism, a convergence of liberalism with anticommunism?

A

Codevilla

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27
Q

what concepts are socially constructed rather than expressions of permanent reality?

A

nation and sovereignty

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28
Q

who (group) seeks to understand how preferences are formed and knowledge is generated prior tot he exercise of instrumental rationality?

A

constructivists

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29
Q

building blocks: goals

A

military security, economic strength

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30
Q

instruments

A

link between military strength and achievement has loosened; but the balance of power is usually determined by a hegemonic state, a role by the British empire, and more recently, the US

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31
Q

who oppressed the allies by raiding the Delian treasury for his public works projects?

A

Pericles

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32
Q

why did Sparta form the Peloponnesian League?

A

as a defensive alliance

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33
Q

what happened in Epidamnus (Albania) that threatened to shift the balance of power?

A

outbreak of civil war

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34
Q

why did Athenian deterrence fail?

A

Athens intervened to protect Corcyra; Corinth stirred a revolt in Potidaea in 432; the Athenians, among them Alcibiades and Socrates, put it down

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35
Q

why did Sparta go to war?

A

to maintain the balance of power

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36
Q

what led to the fatal miscalculation in the attack on Sicily?

A

the overconfidence and imperial hubris of the Athenians

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37
Q

advantage of “tit for tat”

A

Robert Axelrod

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38
Q

Donald Kagan: precipitating causes:

A

Corinth misjudged the Athenian response: Pericles overreacted

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39
Q

modern lessons

A

1) Be aware of regularities and changes
2) Beware of patently shallow historical analogies
3) Be aware of the selectivity of historians: See “Models of Historical Interpretation”
4) Be aware the questions change; historians are affected by their contemporary concerns
5) The need to select does not mean that everything is relative or that history is bunk

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40
Q

Corcyra used what in its appeal to Athens?

A

the language of ethics

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41
Q

moral arguments can be mere propaganda…

A

used to disguise less elevated motives e.g. melian dialogue

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42
Q

what are the two traditions of moral judgment?

A
  1. Kant: internationalism (idealism)

2. Benthan: consequentialism (utilitarianism)

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43
Q

who holds lying wrong because of negaive consequences produced by lying—but may accept it in some cases?

A

a consequentialist

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44
Q

who might argue that lying is always wrong despite any potential good that might come from lying?

A

deontologist

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45
Q

who focuses less on lying on any particular case and instead considers what a decision to tell lie or not tell a lie says about a person’s character and moral behavior

A

virtue ethicist

46
Q

jeremy benthan

A

english utilitarian philosopher, ethical hedonist

47
Q

immanuel kant

A

german idealist philosopher, ethical deontologist

48
Q

aristotle

A

aretaic (virtue) ethicist

49
Q

what are the three views of the role of morality?

A

skeptics, state moralists, cosmopolitans

50
Q

skeptics

A

moral categories are meaningless; no institutions exist to provide order; but there are choices

51
Q

“a balance of power alleviates the condition of international anarchy”

A

Hobbes

52
Q

points to international law and customs, along with areas of cooperation

A

liberals

53
Q

“national boundaries have a moral significance because states represent the pooled rights of individuals who have come together for a common life”?

A

Walzer

54
Q

intervention

A

a long-standing problem, but the means and consequences differ widely

55
Q

radical view of cosmopolitans

A

inequality must be abolished; national boundaries lack moral standing; but realists warn against formenting disorder

56
Q

moderate view of cosmopolitans

A

policies can be designed to assist basic human needs and rights without destroying order

57
Q

what is a state?

A

a type of political unit that combines two crucial characteristics

58
Q

territoriality

A

governing a specific space

59
Q

sovereignty

A

the absolute right to do so

60
Q

the structure and processes of political institutions

A

government

61
Q

a cultural concept like ethnic group

A

nation

62
Q

any person or body whose decisions and actions have repercussions for itnernational politics: anthropomorphizing is common

A

actor

63
Q

attributes of states

A
  1. all but failed states control the flow of people and goods across their borders
  2. states are normally the only actors that wield significant armies
  3. states have the power to tax and spend in sinificant amounts
  4. only states promulgate and enforce laws and are answerable to no higher authority
64
Q

what is power?

A

the ability to achieve one’s purposes or goals

65
Q

Power Conversion

A

Capacity to convert potentia (physical power), as measured by resources, to realized power, as measured by the changed behavior of others

66
Q

power resources

A

Population is a critical resource, providing a base for taxes and military recruitment; industry, railroads, and nationalist sentiment have become important

67
Q

Hard Power

A

may rest on inducements (carrots) or threats (sticks).

68
Q

Soft Power:

A

The propaganda of attractive ideas, the ability to set the agenda, determining framework of a debate. Classic realists understood the role of ideas.

69
Q

authority

A

can be a power resource when others respect it, but power can be had without authority

70
Q

system

A

interrelated sets of units or a pattern of relationships among these greater than the sum of the parts

71
Q

the structure of a system=

A

distribution of power; it is more basic and changes slowly

72
Q

what does the process of a system refer to?

A

patterns and types of interaction among its units

73
Q

Kenneth Waltz distinguishes three levels of causation:

A

individual, state, and system

74
Q

individual level

A

we may focus on the character or personality of individuuals, or we may focus on common characteristics, such as “human nature”

75
Q

what are the four main approaches of political psychology?

A

cognitive, motivational, behavioral economics, psychobiography

76
Q

cognitive

A

analogies: western leaders misjudged Gamal Abdel Nasser as an opportunistic aggressor like Hitler or Mussolini

77
Q

motivational

A

fears: don’t shoot the messenger, dismissal as “going native”

78
Q

behavioral economics

A

prospect theory: taking greater risks to avoid losses

79
Q

psychobiography

A

Signumd Freud and William C. Bullitt on Woodrow Wilson

80
Q

what does a state or domestic level analysis focus on?

A

on the nature of a given society: whether it is democratic, tyrannical, capitalist, or whatever

81
Q

system level analysis focuses on what?

A

the way the overall system constrains the states

82
Q

rule of parsimony

A

simple explanations that shave away unnecessary detail-but also look at the range of a theory and its explanatory fit.

83
Q

parsimonious neorealist view:

A

a state’s position in a system determines how it acts; states with similar positions will act similarly

84
Q

who argues that the internal organization of the state under capitalism causes war?

A

marxists

85
Q

what is the critique of the Marxist foreign policy?

A

fails to explain onset on WWI, sino-soviet split, trialteralism

86
Q

classical liberalism

A

capitalist states tend to be peaceful since war is bad for business

87
Q

social strand argues what?

A

that personal contacts reduce conflict by promoting understanding, but the evidence in its favor is at best mixed

88
Q

what emphasizes the importance of international institutions, which provides a framework that shapes expectations and, by reducing the acuteness of the security dilemma, reduces the effect of the anarchy that realists assume?

A

political liberalism (neoliberalism)

89
Q

hypothesis qualified

A

many new democracies are only plebiscitary democracies without liberal democratic process of free press, checks on executive power, and regular elections

90
Q

counterfactuals

A

are contrary-to-fact conditionals; they are thought experiments to define causal claims

91
Q

who spread the exogenous french revolutionary idea of popular sovereignty?

A

Napoleon

92
Q

development and use of new weapons made WWI particularly bloody

A

technology

93
Q

social organization of war

A

frederick II employed a mercenary army of summer soldiers

94
Q

levee en masse

A

mass mobilization

95
Q

constant rule of prudent politics

A

Hume

96
Q

chimera, incomprehensible nothing

A

Cobden

97
Q

evil principle ignores public wishes

A

wilson

98
Q

states balance power not to preserve peace, but their independence

A

its rationale

99
Q

hegemonic stability theory

A

imbalanced power produces peace; war is more likely when a strong power slips and a new challenger rises

100
Q

who said “there are no permanent alliances, only permanent interests”?

A

Lord Palmerston

101
Q

who supported the defense of France against Germant?

A

Sir edward Grey

102
Q

who restored the structure of the old order at the Congress of Vienna?

A

Prince Klemens con Metternich and his counterparts

103
Q

who sought to unify Germany at that time and promulgated a liberal constitution, but he soon backpedaled and withdrew his proposed Erfurt Union in 1850 because of Austrian objections?

A

Fredrick William IV

104
Q

who was an agile diplomat who delayed the effects of this major structural change to the system’s political process?

A

Otto von Bismark

105
Q

idealism (german wars of unification)

A

underlying harmony in human relations; abnormality of war

106
Q

realism (german wars of unification)

A

right, as the world goes, is only in questions between equals in power, while the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must.

107
Q

german national problem

A
  1. German Confederation, 1848: 38 states
  2. Growth of national feeling, desire for unity
  3. Question of Austrian vs. Prussian hegemony
  4. Liberal nationalists sought a constitutional federal government; conservatives sought cooperation with the Austrian monarchy
  5. The Prussian king refused the offer of an imperial crown; a Prussian Union also failed
108
Q

realist methods used for conservative aims

A
  1. national sentiment used to unify Germany
  2. Austria excluded from the new German state
  3. army used as a nation-building instrument
109
Q

how did technology influence the german wars of unification?

A

Prussian railroads made possible rapid mobilization of troops to the frontlines and shifting them to other battlefields as needed for concentrated firepower

2) The telegraph enabled orders to go out more rapidly, the Railway subsection to control trains, and Moltke to control a large army
3) The new breech-loading rifle was quicker to load and more maneuverable

110
Q

revanchism

A

french outcry for revenge

111
Q

early 19c german general and strategist

A

karl von clausewitz

112
Q

what is the basis for military prowess?

A

industrial strength

Government 340 (7 decks)

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