Exam 3 Flashcards
(115 cards)
0
Q
What is the process of cell division called a bacteria
A
Binary defission
1
Q
What are the five general steps in cell division
A
Duplication of DNA Cell grows larger Separation of DNA Formation of division structure Cell separation
2
Q
What is the name of the decision the structure formed in bacteria during cell division
A
Septum
3
Q
What protein compromises the septum
A
Ftsz
4
Q
Describe the mechanism a bacterial cell separation what term describes this process
A
Mitosis
5
Q
Define mitosis
A
DiVision of genetic material producing two genetically identical daughter cells
6
Q
DeFine cytokinesis
A
Physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cells into two daughter cells
7
Q
Why does cell division require both mitosis and cytokinesis
A
You have to have cytokinesis for the hole cell to divide
8
Q
What Are the products of mitosis
A
2 daughter cells
9
Q
What is the function of mitosis?
A
Functions/sells used for growth, wound repair, and asexual reproduction
10
Q
Which cells in humans undergo mitosis
A
Body (somatic) cells
11
Q
Are the three stages of interphase
A
- G1
- S phase
- G2
12
Q
What are The stages of the cell cycle
A
Interphase and mitotic phase
13
Q
What occurs during the gap one phase
A
Cell growth, transcription, and translation
14
Q
What occurs during the S-phase
A
DNA replication
15
Q
What is a chromatid
A
Join copies of the original chromosome. Join together at the centromere
16
Q
How is a chromatid different than a chromosome
A
Two chromatids make when chromosome
17
Q
How is a chromatid different than the chromatin
A
Chromatin is genetic material
18
Q
What process results in the production of chromatids
A
Meiosis
19
Q
What is a sister chromatid pair
A
A chromosome
20
Q
How or what are sister chromatids attached
A
Centromere
21
Q
What occurs during the gap 2 phase
A
Cell growth, transcription, translation
22
Q
Compare and contrast the gap one and got two phases
A
Gap 2 happens after S-phase
23
Q
What are the to stages of the mitotic phase
A
Mitosis and cytokinesis
24
What are the four stages of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
25
What three things occur during prophase
Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane degrades and spindle fibers form an attached to centromeres
26
What are spindle fibers made of
Microtubules
27
What motor protein is involved in chromosome
Kinetochores
28
What to aspects of cell division is the centromere involved in
Replication and separation
29
What happens during metaphase
Sister chromatids are lined up at the middle point of the cell
30
Specific DNA molecules are separated during metaphase
The spindle fibers
31
What happens during anaphase
Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to the cell polls
32
Where do the chromatids go during anaphase
Cell poles
33
What other activity of microtubules is important during mitosis
Cell elongation
34
What happens during telophase
Nucleus reforms, chromosomes de-condense
35
What occurs during cytokinesis
Cytoplasm division
36
What is the name of the division structure in animal cells
Cleavage furrow
37
What protein compromises the cleavage furrow
actin
38
Describe the mechanism of cytokinesis and animal cells
Plasma membrane pitches in as the ring get smaller
39
What motor protein is important in animal cells cytokinesis
Myosin
40
What is the name of the division structure in plant cells
Cell plate
41
What cell component is needed for formation of the cell plate
Vesicle
42
Based on what this component is which cytoskeletal protein and motor proteins my you expect to be involved
Kinesin
43
Compare and contrast bacterial cytokinesis and animal cells cytokinesis
Bacteria structure: septum; protein: FTsZ.
| Animal structure: cleavage furrow; protein: actin
44
Compare and contrast animal cells cytokinesis and plant cell cytokinesis
Animal structure: cleavage furrow; protein: actin
| Plant structure: cell plate; protein: vesicle
45
Where Are the three cell cycle checkpoints located
G1, M, G2
46
What is the purpose of controlling the cell cycle
It triggers the process of the cell cycle such as DNA replication, mitosis, is cytokinesis
47
what does The GO state represent
Where the division is halted (like a waiting room)
48
What three things are being checked during the G1 check point
Does he still have enough nutrients to complete DNA replication is cell division? Is the DNA undamaged? Are the proper signal present?
49
What two things are being checked during the G2 checkpoint
Is the DNA fully replicated and undamaged
50
What thing is being checked at the m phase checkpoint
Do All chromosomes has been spindle fibers attached
51
What are some of the proper signal needed for cell division to occur?
MPF and nutrient availability, hormones and growth factors, density dependent inhibition, anchorage dependence
52
Describe density dependent inhibition also called contact inhibition
Cells in tissues and organs arrest in G0 when already touching other same cells they don't divide
53
Describe Anchorage dependents
Most cells only divide when attached to a surface or matrix
54
What does MPF stand for
Mitosis promoting factor
55
What are the two proteins that comprise the MPF
Kinase and cyclin
56
What is the function of kinase
Concentration remains constant
57
What is the function of cyclin
Concentration fluctuate during the cell cycle phase
58
What is the relationship between the concentration of cyclin and the activity of MPF
It's only active with cyclin and kinase are together
59
Type of cell division do somatic cells undergo
Mitosis
60
What type of cell division do sex cells undergo
Meiosis
61
What is the name of the cells produced by meiosis
Autosomes
62
What happens when two gametes fuse?
Forms a zygote
63
Are gametes haploid or diploid
Haploid
64
What is it allele
Different versions of the same gene
65
How are alleles of the same gene different
DNA sequence changes
66
What does a karyotype show
The 23 pairs of human chromosomes
67
What are autosomes
The other chromosomes other than sex chromosomes
68
What is the human reproductive lifecycle like
Egg plus sperm = zygote
69
What are the products of meiosis
Four genetically different haploid cells
70
How many cell divisions occur during meiosis
To
71
What happens to the DNA During meiosis one
Duplicated, synapsid and tetrad alight , and Homologous chromosomes pair separate
72
What happens to the DNA during meiosis two
Sister chromatid pairs lineup at the metaphase plate. sister chromatids separate
73
What Happened during metaphase 1 that introduces potential genetic diversity
Tetrads align
74
what are the five things that occurred during prophase one
Chromosome condensation, nuclear membrane disintegrates, spindle fibers appear, synopsis, and crossing over
75
Define synapsis
Pairing of duplicated homologous chromosomes leading to formation of a tetrad
76
When does synapsis occur?
Prophase 1
77
What Happens during interkinesis
Time between end of meiosis one and beginning of meiosis two
78
What does Not occur during interkinesis
No DNA replication
79
Define or describe replication
DNA-DNA
80
What is used during replication
DNA
81
What is the product of replication
DNA
82
What is the main enzyme that synthesized DNA during replication?
DNA polymerase 3
83
What two nucleic acid interactions are observed during replication?
A-T-C-G
84
What are the nucleotide base pairing for DNA-to DNA
A-T. C-G
85
What are the nucleotide base pairings for DNA to RNA
A-U C-G
86
Define or describe transcription
DNA-RNA
87
What is used during transcription
DNA
88
What is the product of transcription
Rna
89
What is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA during transcription
RNA polymerase
90
What nucleic acid interaction is observed during replication
A-U T-A G-C C-G
91
What are the three products of transcription
Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA
92
What is the importance or function of the messenger RNA?
Specific primary protein structure (amino acid sequence)
93
What is the importance or function of the transfer RNA?
Amino acid carrier
94
What is the importance or function of the ribosomal RNA?
One will form peptide bond other will help find protein start
95
Define or describe translation
RNA- protein
96
What is used during translation?
RNA
97
What is the product of translation?
Protein
98
What is the structure that synthesizes proteins during translation?
Ribosomes
99
What nucleic acid interaction is observed during translation?
A-U U-A C-G G-C
100
What are the nucleotide base pairing for RNA to RNA?
A-U C-G
101
What are the basic steps in cell division?
1. Duplication of DNA
2. Cell grows larger
3. Separation of DNA
4. Formation of division structure
5. Cell separated
102
What are the two types of cell divisions that occur in eukaryotic cells?
Meiosis and mitosis
103
What is the cell division process that occurs in prokaryotic cells?
Binary fission
104
Compare and contrast the number of cells produced during mitosis, meiosis, and binary fission
Mitosis- meiosis 4 binary fission 2
105
Compare and contrast the reproductive purpose of cells produced mitosis, meiosis and binary fission
Mitosis and bad reproduce asexually meiosis is sexual
106
Comment on the identical/ non identical nature of cells produced during mitosis, meiosis, and bad
Mitosis and bad are identical copies meiosis is genetically diff
107
Define diploid
Containing homologous chromosome pairs
108
Define haploid
One copy of each chromosome
109
What are homologous chromosomes
Set of chromosomes that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis
110
What is the same for chromosomes of a homologous chromosome pair?
Length, shape, content, order, and centromere location
111
What is diff for chromosomes of a homologous chromosome pair?
Parents and they're not completely identical
112
What is a gene?
Unique DNA sequence fragment used to make a protein or functional RNA
113
Where is a gene located?
Locus
114
What are genes used for?
Represents chromosomes
