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Bio 140 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the process of cell division called a bacteria

A

Binary defission

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1
Q

What are the five general steps in cell division

A 
Duplication of DNA
Cell grows larger 
Separation of DNA
Formation of division structure 
Cell separation
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2
Q

What is the name of the decision the structure formed in bacteria during cell division

A

Septum

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3
Q

What protein compromises the septum

A

Ftsz

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4
Q

Describe the mechanism a bacterial cell separation what term describes this process

A

Mitosis

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5
Q

Define mitosis

A

DiVision of genetic material producing two genetically identical daughter cells

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6
Q

DeFine cytokinesis

A

Physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cells into two daughter cells

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7
Q

Why does cell division require both mitosis and cytokinesis

A

You have to have cytokinesis for the hole cell to divide

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8
Q

What Are the products of mitosis

A

2 daughter cells

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9
Q

What is the function of mitosis?

A

Functions/sells used for growth, wound repair, and asexual reproduction

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10
Q

Which cells in humans undergo mitosis

A

Body (somatic) cells

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11
Q

Are the three stages of interphase

A
  1. G1
  2. S phase
  3. G2
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12
Q

What are The stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase and mitotic phase

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13
Q

What occurs during the gap one phase

A

Cell growth, transcription, and translation

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14
Q

What occurs during the S-phase

A

DNA replication

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15
Q

What is a chromatid

A

Join copies of the original chromosome. Join together at the centromere

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16
Q

How is a chromatid different than a chromosome

A

Two chromatids make when chromosome

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17
Q

How is a chromatid different than the chromatin

A

Chromatin is genetic material

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18
Q

What process results in the production of chromatids

A

Meiosis

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19
Q

What is a sister chromatid pair

A

A chromosome

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20
Q

How or what are sister chromatids attached

A

Centromere

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21
Q

What occurs during the gap 2 phase

A

Cell growth, transcription, translation

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22
Q

Compare and contrast the gap one and got two phases

A

Gap 2 happens after S-phase

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23
Q

What are the to stages of the mitotic phase

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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24
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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25
Q

What three things occur during prophase

A

Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane degrades and spindle fibers form an attached to centromeres

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26
Q

What are spindle fibers made of

A

Microtubules

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27
Q

What motor protein is involved in chromosome

A

Kinetochores

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28
Q

What to aspects of cell division is the centromere involved in

A

Replication and separation

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29
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

Sister chromatids are lined up at the middle point of the cell

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30
Q

Specific DNA molecules are separated during metaphase

A

The spindle fibers

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31
Q

What happens during anaphase

A

Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to the cell polls

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32
Q

Where do the chromatids go during anaphase

A

Cell poles

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33
Q

What other activity of microtubules is important during mitosis

A

Cell elongation

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34
Q

What happens during telophase

A

Nucleus reforms, chromosomes de-condense

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35
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm division

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36
Q

What is the name of the division structure in animal cells

A

Cleavage furrow

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37
Q

What protein compromises the cleavage furrow

A

actin

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38
Q

Describe the mechanism of cytokinesis and animal cells

A

Plasma membrane pitches in as the ring get smaller

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39
Q

What motor protein is important in animal cells cytokinesis

A

Myosin

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40
Q

What is the name of the division structure in plant cells

A

Cell plate

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41
Q

What cell component is needed for formation of the cell plate

A

Vesicle

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42
Q

Based on what this component is which cytoskeletal protein and motor proteins my you expect to be involved

A

Kinesin

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43
Q

Compare and contrast bacterial cytokinesis and animal cells cytokinesis

A

Bacteria structure: septum; protein: FTsZ.

Animal structure: cleavage furrow; protein: actin

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44
Q

Compare and contrast animal cells cytokinesis and plant cell cytokinesis

A

Animal structure: cleavage furrow; protein: actin

Plant structure: cell plate; protein: vesicle

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45
Q

Where Are the three cell cycle checkpoints located

A

G1, M, G2

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46
Q

What is the purpose of controlling the cell cycle

A

It triggers the process of the cell cycle such as DNA replication, mitosis, is cytokinesis

47
Q

what does The GO state represent

A

Where the division is halted (like a waiting room)

48
Q

What three things are being checked during the G1 check point

A

Does he still have enough nutrients to complete DNA replication is cell division? Is the DNA undamaged? Are the proper signal present?

49
Q

What two things are being checked during the G2 checkpoint

A

Is the DNA fully replicated and undamaged

50
Q

What thing is being checked at the m phase checkpoint

A

Do All chromosomes has been spindle fibers attached

51
Q

What are some of the proper signal needed for cell division to occur?

A

MPF and nutrient availability, hormones and growth factors, density dependent inhibition, anchorage dependence

52
Q

Describe density dependent inhibition also called contact inhibition

A

Cells in tissues and organs arrest in G0 when already touching other same cells they don’t divide

53
Q

Describe Anchorage dependents

A

Most cells only divide when attached to a surface or matrix

54
Q

What does MPF stand for

A

Mitosis promoting factor

55
Q

What are the two proteins that comprise the MPF

A

Kinase and cyclin

56
Q

What is the function of kinase

A

Concentration remains constant

57
Q

What is the function of cyclin

A

Concentration fluctuate during the cell cycle phase

58
Q

What is the relationship between the concentration of cyclin and the activity of MPF

A

It’s only active with cyclin and kinase are together

59
Q

Type of cell division do somatic cells undergo

60
Q

What type of cell division do sex cells undergo

61
Q

What is the name of the cells produced by meiosis

62
Q

What happens when two gametes fuse?

A

Forms a zygote

63
Q

Are gametes haploid or diploid

64
Q

What is it allele

A

Different versions of the same gene

65
Q

How are alleles of the same gene different

A

DNA sequence changes

66
Q

What does a karyotype show

A

The 23 pairs of human chromosomes

67
Q

What are autosomes

A

The other chromosomes other than sex chromosomes

68
Q

What is the human reproductive lifecycle like

A

Egg plus sperm = zygote

69
Q

What are the products of meiosis

A

Four genetically different haploid cells

70
Q

How many cell divisions occur during meiosis

71
Q

What happens to the DNA During meiosis one

A

Duplicated, synapsid and tetrad alight , and Homologous chromosomes pair separate

72
Q

What happens to the DNA during meiosis two

A

Sister chromatid pairs lineup at the metaphase plate. sister chromatids separate

73
Q

What Happened during metaphase 1 that introduces potential genetic diversity

A

Tetrads align

74
Q

what are the five things that occurred during prophase one

A

Chromosome condensation, nuclear membrane disintegrates, spindle fibers appear, synopsis, and crossing over

75
Q

Define synapsis

A

Pairing of duplicated homologous chromosomes leading to formation of a tetrad

76
Q

When does synapsis occur?

A

Prophase 1

77
Q

What Happens during interkinesis

A

Time between end of meiosis one and beginning of meiosis two

78
Q

What does Not occur during interkinesis

A

No DNA replication

79
Q

Define or describe replication

80
Q

What is used during replication

81
Q

What is the product of replication

82
Q

What is the main enzyme that synthesized DNA during replication?

A

DNA polymerase 3

83
Q

What two nucleic acid interactions are observed during replication?

84
Q

What are the nucleotide base pairing for DNA-to DNA

85
Q

What are the nucleotide base pairings for DNA to RNA

86
Q

Define or describe transcription

87
Q

What is used during transcription

88
Q

What is the product of transcription

89
Q

What is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA during transcription

A

RNA polymerase

90
Q

What nucleic acid interaction is observed during replication

A

A-U T-A G-C C-G

91
Q

What are the three products of transcription

A

Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA

92
Q

What is the importance or function of the messenger RNA?

A

Specific primary protein structure (amino acid sequence)

93
Q

What is the importance or function of the transfer RNA?

A

Amino acid carrier

94
Q

What is the importance or function of the ribosomal RNA?

A

One will form peptide bond other will help find protein start

95
Q

Define or describe translation

A

RNA- protein

96
Q

What is used during translation?

97
Q

What is the product of translation?

98
Q

What is the structure that synthesizes proteins during translation?

99
Q

What nucleic acid interaction is observed during translation?

A

A-U U-A C-G G-C

100
Q

What are the nucleotide base pairing for RNA to RNA?

101
Q

What are the basic steps in cell division?

A
  1. Duplication of DNA
  2. Cell grows larger
  3. Separation of DNA
  4. Formation of division structure
  5. Cell separated
102
Q

What are the two types of cell divisions that occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

Meiosis and mitosis

103
Q

What is the cell division process that occurs in prokaryotic cells?

A

Binary fission

104
Q

Compare and contrast the number of cells produced during mitosis, meiosis, and binary fission

A

Mitosis- meiosis 4 binary fission 2

105
Q

Compare and contrast the reproductive purpose of cells produced mitosis, meiosis and binary fission

A

Mitosis and bad reproduce asexually meiosis is sexual

106
Q

Comment on the identical/ non identical nature of cells produced during mitosis, meiosis, and bad

A

Mitosis and bad are identical copies meiosis is genetically diff

107
Q

Define diploid

A

Containing homologous chromosome pairs

108
Q

Define haploid

A

One copy of each chromosome

109
Q

What are homologous chromosomes

A

Set of chromosomes that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis

110
Q

What is the same for chromosomes of a homologous chromosome pair?

A

Length, shape, content, order, and centromere location

111
Q

What is diff for chromosomes of a homologous chromosome pair?

A

Parents and they’re not completely identical

112
Q

What is a gene?

A

Unique DNA sequence fragment used to make a protein or functional RNA

113
Q

Where is a gene located?

114
Q

What are genes used for?

A

Represents chromosomes

Bio 140 (6 decks)

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