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Exam 1 Flashcards

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0
Q

4 levels of organization (in order)

A

Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells

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1
Q

What are the important properties of life

A
  • order
  • growth and development
  • energy processing
  • regulation
  • response to the environment
  • reproduction
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2
Q

Cell represents

A

Basic unit of life

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3
Q

Scientific method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experiment
  4. Collect and analyze data
  5. Accept or reject hypothesis
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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative explanation

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5
Q

Theory

A

Well sustained explanation

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6
Q

Compare and contrast hypothesis and theory

A

A theory has been tested multiple times and is scientifically acceptable.

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7
Q

Hypothesis must be

A

Testable and falsifiable

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8
Q

Difference between an element and a compound

A

A compound is a substance that consists of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down

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9
Q

Difference between essential elements and trace elements

A

Essential elements comprise approx. 99.9% of organisms (maxi- and micro- nutrients) trace are in minute quantities

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10
Q

What are the 6 elements that comprise organic molecules in cells

A

S, O, C, H, N, P

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11
Q

What are the 5 ions found in cells

A

Ca, K, Na, Ch, Mg

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12
Q

4 macromolecules

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

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13
Q

3 subatomic particles

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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14
Q

Positively charged?

A

Protons

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15
Q

Negatively charged?

A

Electrons

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16
Q

Uncharged

A

Neutrons

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17
Q

Protons located in

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

Neutrons located in

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

Electrons located?

A

Surrounding the nucleus

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20
Q

Atomic #

A

Signifies the # of protons

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21
Q

What else doesn’t the atomic # give

A

of electrons

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22
Q

Why are elements naturally uncharged

A

of protons and neutrons are qual

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23
Q

Atomic mass

A

It represent # of protons and neutrons combined

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24
Q

What happens if proton # is changed

A

Changes atomic # so it changes the element

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25
Q

What happens when the # of neutron changes

A

Forms an isotope

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26
Q

Isotopes

A

Variants of an atom with a diff atomic mass

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27
Q

If N-14 and N-15 are isotopes what does that mean?

A

of neutrons are diff

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28
Q

What happens to an element when electron number is changed

A

It will bond

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29
Q

Election orbital order

A

2
8
8

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30
Q

What is the outermost electron orbital called

A

Valence she’ll

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31
Q

What are the elections called in the outermost orbital called

A

Valence electrons

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32
Q

What are 2 main reasons that “drive” elements to form bonds

A

To fill the outer shell or so they can be uncharged

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33
Q

List the five major types of bonds in order

A 
Nonpolar covalent
Polar Covalent
Ionic bonding 
Hydrogen bonding
Van der waals
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34
Q

What happens during a covalent bond

A

A molecule forms when two or more atoms share electrons

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35
Q

Difference between no polar and polar covalent

A

Nonpolar involves equal sharing of eke tons. polar involves unequal

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36
Q

Electro negativity

A

Refers to an atoms affinity to attract electrons

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37
Q

Rank C H N and O based on electronegativity

A

O >N>C=H

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38
Q

Be prepared to determine if a covalent bond between 2 elements is polar or no polar

A

N: s-s O-O N-N C-H
P: O-C and O-H
N-C and N-H

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39
Q

What happens to elements that form polar covalent bonds?

A

Gain stability; higher electronegativity

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40
Q

Which covalent bond does hydrogen bonding rely on?

A

Polar covalent

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41
Q

Which covalent bond does van der waals rely on?

A

No polar covalent

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42
Q

Describe hydrogen bonding

A

Occurs when an atom with a partial + charge is attracted to an atom w/ a partial - charge

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43
Q

Describe van der waals

A

Bonds when electrons charge is not evenly distributed. Involved between no polar. It’s very weak.

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44
Q

Describe ionic bonding

A

Involved the attraction of oppositely charged ions. Ions form when elements gain or loss electrons to achieve a full outer orbital

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45
Q

What are the two types of ions and which is + and -

A

Cation +

Anion -

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46
Q

How do cations form?

A

Lose or give away electrons

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47
Q

Why do cations form?

A

Because there is either 1, 2 or 3 valence electrons

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48
Q

How do anions form?

A

Steal or gain electrons

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49
Q

Why do anions form?

A

B/c there is either 5, 6, or 7 valence electrons

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50
Q

Properties of water

A

Cohesive behavior, ability to mod temp, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent, less dense as a solid than liquid

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51
Q

Is water polar or nonpolar and why?

A

Polar hydrogen bonding water

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52
Q

What does it mean to say that water is both cohesive and adhesive

A

It sticks to itself and other surfaces

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53
Q

Why is waters ability to mod temp so important for life?

A

Evaporative cooling contributes to temp stability

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54
Q

How does the hydrogen bonding of water molecules change with water changes from liquid to solid

A

Hydrogen bonding becomes more ordered as water solidifies

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55
Q

Solution

A

A homogenous liquid mixture of two or more substances

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56
Q

Solvent

A

Dissolving agent

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57
Q

Solute

A

Dissolved substance

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58
Q

Why is water such a good solvent?

A

Because it’s good at dissolving substances

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59
Q

Hydrophobic

A

“Water hating” nonpolar molecules. Doesn’t dissolve in or interact with water

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60
Q

Hydrophilic

A

“Water loving” polar and charged. Dissolved easily in water; interacts with water

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61
Q

Acid

A

Releases H+; high H- concentration

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62
Q

Base

A

Consume H+; low H- concentration

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63
Q

What pH values are acidic

A

1-6

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64
Q

What pH are alkaline

A

8-14

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65
Q

What does pH measure)

A

Acidity

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66
Q

Compare the hydrogen ion concentration of acidic and basic solutions

A

Hydrogen ion concentration increases as pH decreases, hydrogen ion concentration changes by 10^x where x is the pH value change

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67
Q

Why is carbon used for life

A

Most versatile atom on earth (can form up to 4 covalent bonds) found in every organic compound; forms basis for all macromolecules; backbones can be linear, branched, or circular

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68
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Organic molecule that consist of just C and H

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69
Q

Chemical formula

A

Gives the type and # of each element

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70
Q

Structural formula

A

Gives the physical arrangement of each element

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71
Q

Isomer

A

2 molecules that have the same chemical formula but diff structural formula

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72
Q

3 types of isomers

A

Simple structural, cis trans, enantiomers

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73
Q

Simple structural isomers

A

Simple re-arrangement of atoms

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74
Q

What is required to have a cis trans isomer

A

Differ in spatial arrangement due to inflexibly to double bonds

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75
Q

Cis

A

The two Xs are on the SAME side

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76
Q

Trans

A

2 Xs are on the OPPOSITE sides

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77
Q

Enantiomers

A

Two molecules are considered “mirror images” typically observed with amino acids and “sugars” with diff groups attached to a central carbon

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78
Q

What are enanti omers also called?

A

Optical isomers

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79
Q

What are the 6 important functional groups

A

Amino, phosphate, carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl

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80
Q

What functional groups contain carbon

A

Carboxyl and carbonyl

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81
Q

What functional groups contain hydrogen

A

All

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82
Q

What functional groups contain nitrogen

A

Amino

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83
Q

What functional groups contain oxygen

A

Phosphate, carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl

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84
Q

What functional groups contain sulfur

A

Sulfhydryl

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85
Q

What functional groups contain phosphorus

A

Phosphate

86
Q

Compare and contrast the carbonyl and carboxyl groups

A

Both have double bond with oxygen but carboxyl has 2 oxygens

87
Q

Compare and contrast carboxyl and hydroxyl.

A

Hydroxyl doesn’t have carbon

88
Q

What are the reactants in a chemical reaction

A

The starting materials

89
Q

Products

A

Result of a reaction

90
Q

What does it mean to say some chemical reactions are reversible

A

The can be the reactants or product

91
Q

What are the 4 important biological macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

92
Q

Monomer

A

Single common subunit

93
Q

Polymer

A

Collection of monomers

94
Q

What happens during a dehydration reaction

A

Reactions combine monomers to produce polymers

95
Q

How is water involved in dehydration reaction

A

Takes away water, loss of water, water is removed

96
Q

How is energy involved in a dehydration reaction

A

It consumes energy

97
Q

What happens during an hydrolysis reaction

A

Break down polymers into monomers

98
Q

How is water involved in a hydrolysis reaction

A

It used water to break the polymer apart. Water is added

99
Q

How is energy involved in a hydrolysis reaction

A

Generates energy

100
Q

During which chemical reaction is a polymer the product

A

Dehydration

101
Q

During which chemical reaction is a polymer the reactant

A

Hydrolysis

102
Q

What is the polymer name for the macromolecules

A

Polysaccharide, protein, nucleic acids

103
Q

Identify the monomers that correspond to each macromolecule polymer

A

Monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotide

104
Q

Identify the name for the connecting bond in each macromolecule polymer

A

Glycosidic, peptide, and phosphodiester

105
Q

Which macromolecules contain a carbonyl

A

Polysaccharide

106
Q

Which macromolecules contain a carboxyl

A

Protein

107
Q

Which macromolecules contain an amino acid

A

Protein

108
Q

Which macromolecules contain a phosphate

A

Nucleic acid

109
Q

Which macromolecules contain a hydroxyl

A

Nucleic acid

110
Q

What are the 3 types of lipss

A

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

111
Q

What is the composition of fats

A

Composed of glycerol and either 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids

112
Q

What is the composition of a fatty acid

A

Hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group

113
Q

What are the functions of fats?

A

Energy storage/ source; water repellent, protection, and insulation; lubricantion

114
Q

What are the water interaction properties of fats

A

Hydrophobic

115
Q

Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A

Saturated are straight and linear unsaturated is bent and linked

116
Q

Which type of fatty acid contains a double covalent bond between carbons

A

Unsaturated

117
Q

Which type of fatty acid result in a more solid consistency?

A

Saturated

118
Q

Which type of fatty acid result in a more liquid consistency?

A

Unsaturated

119
Q

What is the composition of phospholipids

A

Composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group

120
Q

What is the major function of phospholipids

A

Forms bilayers in the cell membrane

121
Q

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic

A

The polar phosphate head that stays on the outside

122
Q

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic

A

The nonpolar fatty acid tail that’s on the inside

123
Q

What is the composition of steroids

A

Group of lipids with 4 interconnected C rings

124
Q

What are the two types of steroids

A

Sterols and hormones

125
Q

What are the water interaction properties of steroids

A

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

126
Q

Compare and contrast fats and phospholipids

A

Fats have 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids while phospholipids have 2 and have a phosphate group. Both have glycerol

127
Q

What is the general chemical formula for carbohydrates

A

CH2O

128
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

Basic unit of carbs it’s the simplest sugar

129
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

Long chains of monosaccharides

130
Q

What is the name of the specific bond that connects monosaccharides together in a polysaccharide

A

Glycosidic bond

131
Q

What is the functional group important in carbohydrates

A

Carbonyl and hydroxyl

132
Q

Where is the carbonyl group in Aldose

A

End

133
Q

Where is the carbonyl group in ketone

A

Middle

134
Q

What are the properties of an alpha glycosidic linkage

A

More flexible; helical structural; easily broken; storage molecules

135
Q

What are the properties of a beta glycosidic linkage

A

More rigid; linear structure; very stable structural molecules

136
Q

What are the properties of a storage polysaccharide

A

Starch in plants and glycogen in animals

137
Q

What are the properties of a structural polysaccharide

A

Cellulose in plant cell walls; chitin in fungal and Algal cell walls; Peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls

138
Q

What is amylose

A

Unbranched starch in plants

139
Q

What is Amylopectin

A

Branched starch in plants

140
Q

Compare and contrast amylose and amylopectin

A

Amylose is unbranched and amylopectin is branched

141
Q

What kind of polysaccharide is starch

A

Storage in plants

142
Q

What kind a polysaccharide is glycogen

A

Storage in animals

143
Q

What kind a polysaccharide is cellulose

A

Structural in plant cell walls

144
Q

What kind of polysaccharide is chitin

A

Structural and fungal and Algal cell walls

145
Q

What kind of polysaccharide is Peptidoglycan

A

Structural in bacterial cell walls

146
Q

What are the potential functions of proteins

A

Enzymatic transport protection identification communication

147
Q

What is the monomer subunit of proteins

A

Amino acids

148
Q

How are proteins involved in chemical reactions

A

The build up of things like enzymes

149
Q

Why are proteins considered directional

A

They have a start and an end

150
Q

What term is used for the start of a protein

A

N-terminal

151
Q

Which functional group corresponds to or is located at the “beginning” of a protein

A

Amino

152
Q

What term is used for the “end of a protein”

A

C-terminal

153
Q

Which functional group corresponds to or is located at the “end” of a protein?

A

Carboxyl

154
Q

How many diff amino acids are naturally found in proteins?

A

20

155
Q

What are the 4 components of an amino acid?

A

Central carbon, carboxyl group, amino group, r-group

156
Q

What does the R group represent?

A

Variable

157
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein organization/structure?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

158
Q

What does protein structure represent

A

Primary: order of the amino acids from beginning to end

159
Q

What bond/ interaction holds primary structure together?

A

Peptide covalent bonds

160
Q

What does secondary structure represent?

A

Formation of localized folding of the peptide chain

161
Q

What are the two types of 2nd structure shapes?

A

Alpha helix and beta sheets

162
Q

What bonds/ interactions hold secondary structure together

A

Hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms

163
Q

What part of the protein chain participates in 2nd structure interactions

A

Peptide chain

164
Q

What does the tertiary structure represent

A

Overall 3D shape of a protein

165
Q

What bonds/ interactions hold tertiary structure together

A

Disulfide bonds, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der waals

166
Q

Which amino acid group participates in van der waals interactions?

A

R-group

167
Q

Rank the tertiary structure bonds/ interactions from strongest to weakest

A

Disulfide bonds, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der waals

168
Q

What part of the protein chain participates in the tertiary interactions

A

R group

169
Q

What does quaternary structure represent

A

Polypeptide interaction

170
Q

Denaturation

A

Refers to removal of quaternary tertiary and secondary structure

171
Q

Re-nature ration

A

Refers to allowing a protein to refold into its proper shape

172
Q

What to environmental changes will lead to protein denaturation

A

PH or temperature

173
Q

What is the name for proteins that help other proteins fold correctly

A

Chaperone

174
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acid

A

Rna and DNA

175
Q

What is the monomers of nucleic acid

A

Nuclear tides

176
Q

What are the three components to nucleotides

A

Phosphate groups five carbon sugar and nitrogenous bases

177
Q

Why are nucleic acid considered directional

A

They have a start and end in

178
Q

What term is used for the start of a nucleic acid

A

Five prime

179
Q

Which functional group corresponds to or is located at the beginning of a nucleic acid

A

Phosphate

180
Q

What term is used for the end of a nucleic acid

A

3 prime

181
Q

Which functional group corresponds to or is located at the end of a nucleic acid

A

Hydroxyl

182
Q

What is a nucleotide composition of DNA

A

Adenine thymine guanine cytosine

183
Q

Compare and contrast the nucleotide composition of DNA and RNA I

A

DNA has thymine RNA has uracil

184
Q

Why is a nucleotide composition of RNA

A

Adenine uracil guanine cytosine

185
Q

What specific five carbon sugar is found in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

186
Q

What specific five carbon sugar is found in RNA

A

Ribose

187
Q

What is the main function of DNA

A

Genetic info storage in cells and some viruses

188
Q

What are some functions of RNA

A

Genetics storage info in some viruses also is involved in protein production

189
Q

What are the structural properties of DNA

A

Simple secondary structure

190
Q

Complementary nature of DNA

A

Base Pairing

191
Q

What bond is important in base pairing

A

Hydrogen bonding

192
Q

How many hydrogen bonds connect AT base pair

A

2

193
Q

How many bonds connect to the GC base pair

A

3

194
Q

Which nucleotides are considered purines

A

Ag

195
Q

Nucleotides are considered pyrimidines

A

Ct

196
Q

What the phenomenon did Griffith observed

A

Transformation

197
Q

What Is the difference between r strain S strain

A

S is smooth appearance are had a rough appearance

198
Q

What happen when the r strain is injected into mice

A

The mouse lived

199
Q

What happen when the S strain was injected into the nice

A

It died

200
Q

What happens when the heat killed S train was injected into mice

A

Live mouse

201
Q

What happen when the heat killed S strain and the living r strain were mixed together before injecting into mice

A

Mouse died

202
Q

What did Avery Macleod and McCarty do

A

They had three experiments with DNA RNA and proteins. In the first they inserted DNase in the second rnase and the third protease no transformation was in the fest so DNA is required for transformation

203
Q

What did Hershey and Chase do

A

They worked with bacteria and a bacteriophage

204
Q

Lifecycle of a virus

A

Viruses are small acellular micro organisms are composed of nucleic acid contained within a protein coat viruses reproduce by injecting their genetic info into a host cell then the host cell makes new viruses

205
Q

What is the macromolecule composition of the viruses

A

Protein

206
Q

What radioactive element was used to label DNA

A

Phosphorus

207
Q

What radioactive element was used to label protein

A

Sulfur

208
Q

What instrument was used to separate cells from viruses

A

Centrifuge

209
Q

When viruses with radioactive DNA were mixed with bacterial cells then centrifuge where did the radioactivity end up

A

On the bottom

210
Q

When viruses with radioactive Protein were mixed with bacterial cells then centrifuge where did the radioactivity end up

A

Top

211
Q

What was chargaffs contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA

A

He studied the DNA composition of organisms

212
Q

Where is Franklin and Wilkins contribution to the discovery of the structure of DNA

A

They use x-rays to photograph

213
Q

Watson and crick’s contribution to the discovery of structure of DNA

A

Credited with the scuplting structure of DNA

Bio 140 (6 decks)

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