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Bio 140 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What was Leeuwenhoeks contribution to science

A

first observation of living microorganisms

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1
Q

What was hooks contribution to science

A

First sell observation using cork. The cell was dead

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2
Q

Compare the magnification potential of light and electronic microscopes

A

Electron has a higher magnification so you can see more

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3
Q

Which type of cell is bigger

A

Eukaryotic

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4
Q

Which type of cell is more complex

A

Eukaryotic

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5
Q

Which type of cell contains a nucleus

A

EUK a RYOT I C

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6
Q

Which type of cell contains organelles

A

Eukaryotic

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7
Q

Describe the DNA chromosome in prokaryotic cells

A

Single and circular

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8
Q

Describe the DNA chromosomes in eukaryotic cells

A

Multiple and linear

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9
Q

What was Woeses contribution to science?

A

He used a specific DNA sequence as a basis for comparison for all types of cells. Used rRNA

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10
Q

What are the 3 domains proposed by Woese?

A

Bacteria archaea and eukarya

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11
Q

What did Rosie used to create the new phylogenic tree

A

A specific DNA sequence

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12
Q

Is the importance of the plasma membrane

A

Permeability membrane

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13
Q

What molecules can be components of the plasma membrane

A

Composed of phospholipids and proteins and sometimes Sterols

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14
Q

What are the properties of phospholipids, sterols, and proteins that allow them to interact together?

A

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic

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15
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

To make proteins found in the cytoplasm from amino acids

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16
Q

What is the subunit composition of ribosomes?

A

Large and small subunit

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17
Q

What is the composition of the large subunit?

A

Proteins and rnas

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18
Q

What is the composition of the small subunit?

A

Proteins and RNAs

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19
Q

What is the bacterial ribosome called?

A

70S

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20
Q

What is the eukaryotic ro some called?

A

80S

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21
Q 
In which type of cell would the following structures be found:
Nucleoid 
Nucleus 
Organelles
Cytoplasm
Cytosol 
Fimbriae 
Flagella 
Cell wall 
Capsule
Cilia
A 
P
E
E
E
E
P
B
B
P
E
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22
Q

What is the funtion of flagella?

A

Motility

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23
Q

What is the function of fimbriae

A

Attachment

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24
Q

What is the function of cilia

A

Motility

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25
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Protection

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26
Q

What is function of capsules?

A

Protection

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27
Q

How is the nucleoid different than the nucleus?

A

Nucleoid a non-membrane and us organization of DNA; nucleus is a membrane-enclosed structure with specialized functions

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28
Q

What do Histone proteins do?

A

They compact and organize all DNA inside the nucleus

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29
Q

How is chromatin diff than chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes plus Histone proteins make up chromatin

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30
Q

Which organelle is specific to animal cells?

A

Lysosomes

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31
Q

Which organelle is specific to plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts and vacuoles

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32
Q

Which organelles are found in both animal and plant cells?

A

Nucleus, rough ER, Golgi apparatus, smooth ER, and mitochondria

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33
Q

Which organelles deal mostly with proteins?

A

Rough ER and Golgi

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34
Q

Which organelles deal mostly with carbs?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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35
Q

Which organelle deals mostly with lipids

A

Smooth ER

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36
Q

Which organelles are double-membrane organelles?

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

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37
Q

Which organelle is physically attached to the nucleus?

A

Rough ER

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38
Q

What is the small structure inside the nucleus called?

A

Nucleolus

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39
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

To make proteins

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40
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus

A

Assembles ribosomes

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41
Q

What is the composition of ribosomes?

A

Two subunits composed of proteins and RNAs

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42
Q

What are the two important cell processes involved DNA that occur inside that nucleus?

A

Replication and transcription

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43
Q

Where inside eukaryotic cells does DNA replication occur?

A

Nucleus

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44
Q

Where inside eukaryotic cells does does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

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45
Q

What molecules and/or macromolecules can enter and leave the nucleus thru the nuclear pores?

A

RNA and certain proteins

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46
Q

What are the two main functions for the smooth ER mentioned in lecture?

A

Synthesis of lips and detoxification of poisons

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47
Q

What is the main function of he rough ER?

A

Produce secretory proteins ( protein factory)

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48
Q

What is the main function of the Golgi?

A

Modification of proteins, involved in protein trafficking (it’s like Amazon)

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49
Q

What is the organization of the Golgi relative to the rough ER and plasma membrane?

A

It’s the packaging and processing part for proteins

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50
Q

Which side of the Golgi is the cis and which is trans?

A

Cis is on side of rough ER and trans is plasma membrane

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51
Q

What is a vehicle

A

Transporting unit

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52
Q

How is a vesicles diff than an organelle

A

Vehicle doesn’t really do much only involved in movement while the organelles are very important aspects to the cell

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53
Q

Describe endocytosis

A

Involved in the secretion of molecules into the surrounding environment

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54
Q

Describe exocytosis

A

Involved in the secretion of molecules from the environment

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55
Q

How are vesicles involved in endo and exocytosis

A

Vesicles are involved in the movement in or out

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56
Q

What is the main function of lysosomes

A

Digestion and Degradative processes ( breaking down)

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57
Q

What are 3 things that aid in the lysosomes in digestion

A

Hydrolysis enzyme, reactive molecule, and acidic interior

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58
Q

What are the two activities of the lysosomes?

A

Autopsy and phagocytosis

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59
Q

Describe autophagy

A

Digestion and recycling of damaged organelles

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60
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

Digestion of engulfed cells or particles

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61
Q

What is the main function of the vacule in plant cells

A

Storage unit in plants

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62
Q

What was the contribution to science by Lynn margulis?

A

Endo symbiotic theory

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63
Q

What does the endo symbiotic theory state?

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria have a very similar structures and functions to bacteria margulis thought since they were so similar they were once bacteria but a cell engolf them and took over

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64
Q

What pieces of evidence support the endosymbiotic theory?

A

The structure of the mitochondria and chloroplasts such as the double membrane organelles involved in aerobic respiration they contain their own ribosomes and chromosomal DNA and capable of independent division

65
Q

What are the steps in protein trafficking?

A
  1. Protein produced by ribosomes on rough ER
  2. Protein leaves tough ER in vesicle
  3. Enter the cis side of Golgi
  4. Travel thru Golgi; leave Golgi in a vesicle
  5. Travel to final destination
66
Q

Which organelles are involved in protein trafficking before proteins reach their final destination?

A

Rough ER, Golgi, lysosomes

67
Q

Where do proteins originate in this process?

68
Q

Where do proteins travel to after leaving the rought ER?

A

Cis side of Golgi

69
Q

In what structure do proteins travel from the rough ER to the Golgi?

70
Q

Which side of the Golgi do proteins enter?

71
Q

Which side of the Golgi do proteins leave from?

72
Q

Where do proteins go after leaving the Golgi?

A

Lysosomes, insertion into plasma membrane, secretion outside into environment

73
Q

In what structure do proteins travel after leaving the Golgi?

74
Q

What are the 3 cytoskeleton protein filaments?

A

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, micro filaments

75
Q

Which crypto skeletal protein filament is the biggest?

A

Microtubles

76
Q

Which cytoskeleton protein filament is the smallest?

A

Microfilaments

77
Q

What activity do all three cytoskeletal protein filaments have?

A

Support and structure

78
Q

What protein are microtrubles composed of?

A

A and b tubulin

79
Q

What are the three movement activities that use microtrubles

A

Vesicle movement, flagella/ cilia movement, and chromosome movement

80
Q

Which motor protein is used for vesicle movement?

81
Q

Which motor protein is used for flagella and cilia movement

82
Q

Which motor protein is used for chromosomes movement?

A

Kinetochores

83
Q

What protein are microfilm ends composed of?

84
Q

What are the 3 movement activities that use micro filaments?

A

Cell movement, animal cell division, and cytoplasmic streaming ( organelle movement)

85
Q

What motor protein is used for microfilament associated movements?

86
Q

What does cytoplasmic streaming refer to?

A

Organelle movement

87
Q

What is a pseudopodia and what does it do?

A

It’s the ameboid movement

88
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments

A

Cell shape

89
Q

What are the functions of the membrane?

A

Cell boundary, permeability barrier (transport control and electrical/chemical gradient), site for protein attachment/insertion

90
Q

What is the major component of the membrane

A

Phospholipids

91
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Interacts with water, likes water

92
Q

Hydrophobic

A

“Scared” of water, doesn’t like water

93
Q

What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and and unsaturated fatty acid

A

Unsaturated is bent saturated is straight

94
Q

Describe the characteristics of a membrane that only contain saturated fatty acid

A

If there are too many saturated acids since it will be hard and not permeable at all

95
Q

Describe a membrane that only contains unsaturated fatty acid

A

It will be too liquidy

96
Q

What role does cholesterol play in terms of the membrane

A

Affect /change membrane permeability

97
Q

What are the two general types of membrane proteins

A

Peripheral and integral

98
Q

Where are peripheral membrane proteins located

A

On the outside of the membrane

99
Q

What are the potential activities of peripheral membrane proteins

A

Enzymatic, hydrolytic, communication, signaling, and recognition

100
Q

Where are the integral membrane proteins located

A

On the inside of the membrane in between phospholipids

101
Q

What are the potential activities of integral membrane proteins

A

Transportation

102
Q

Define passive movement

A

No energy is required, molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

103
Q

Define active movement

A

Energy is required molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

104
Q

Compare and contrast passive and active movement

A

Passive results and dilution an active results and concentration

105
Q

Which type of movement requires energy

106
Q

Which type of movement tries to dilute

107
Q

Which type of movement tries to concentrate

108
Q

What is a solution

A

Solute plus solvent

109
Q

What is a solute

110
Q

What is a solvent

A

“Liquid” normally water

111
Q

What are the three types of passive movement?

A

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

112
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration

113
Q

Define simple diffusion

A

Solutes move through the membrane unassisted

114
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

Solutes move through a transport protein in the membrane

115
Q

Compare and contrast simple and facilitated diffusion

A

Simple is unassisted

116
Q

Which type of diffusion requires transport proteins

A

Facilitated

117
Q

When our at what point does diffusion stop

A

When it reaches an equilibrium

118
Q

What kinds of molecules are freely diffusible

A

Small nonpolar and polar compounds

119
Q

What kinds of molecules are not able to freely cross the membrane

A

Large or uncharged molecules

120
Q

Define osmosis

A

Water moves through the membrane unassisted high to low

121
Q

Define hypotonic solution

A

Solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside of the cell

122
Q

Define isotonic solution

A

solute concentration outside the cell is equal to inside the cell

123
Q

Define hypertonic solution

A

Solute centration outside the cell is higher than inside the cell

124
Q

Which direction will water move when A cell is in a hypotonic solution

125
Q

What happens to the cell in a hypotonic solution

A

Leads to osmotic lysis

126
Q

Which direction water move when A cell is in a hypertonic solution

127
Q

What happens to the cell in a hypertonic solution

A

Plasmolysis

128
Q

Which direction will water move when A cell is an iso tonic solution

A

It won’t

129
Q

What happens to the cell in an iso tonic solution

A

Equilibrium

130
Q

What is osmotic lysis

A

The influx of water into a cell, will cause the cell to swell and burst

131
Q

In which solution is osmotic lysis possible

132
Q

Which cell structure protects against osmotic lysis

133
Q

What is plasmolysis

A

Deflux of water out of the cell, cytoplasm shrinks and pulls away from the membrane

134
Q

In which solution is plasmolysis possible

A

Hypertonic

135
Q

What is the difference between a channel protein and a carrier protein

A

Channel proteins allow certain molecules to pass through, carrier bind and carry Molecules through

136
Q

What is the difference between an open channel and A gated channel

A

Open let’s anything through gated is selected

137
Q

Rank the following from a specific to least

A

Carrier protein
Gated
Open

138
Q

What is the overall, balanced chemical reaction for aerobic respiration or cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6⃣O2 –> 6⃣H2O + energy

139
Q

What organelle is needed for aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

140
Q

Does aerobic respiration produce or consume energy and how much

A

Produce 30 ATP

141
Q

What is the overall balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6⃣CO2*6⃣H2O + energy –> C6H12O6 + 6⃣O2

142
Q

What organelle is needed for photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts

143
Q

Does photosynthesis produce or consume energy and how much?

A

consume 18 ATP

144
Q

Degradative

A

One thing going to many things

145
Q

Breaking down

A

Big thing going to small things

146
Q

Exergonic

A

Nonpolar to polar

147
Q

Catabolic

A

Hi energy things going to low energy things

148
Q

Spontaneous

A

Ordered things going to disordered

149
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons, gain of oxygen

150
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons

151
Q

How can hydrogen and oxygen be used to determine reduction

A

Gang of hydrogen loss of oxygen

152
Q

What does a redox couple refer to

A

Oxidation and reduction

153
Q

What does a redox couple represent?

A

Oil rig: oxidation (loss of e-, loss of H, gain of O) reduction (gain of e-, gain of H, loss of O)

154
Q

What are the three steps of aerobic respiration?

A
  1. Glycosis
  2. TCA cycle
  3. Electron transport chain
155
Q

What is the significance of the consumption of 2 ATP during glycolysis?

A

Goes towards the 30 ATP

156
Q

What happens to NAD+ during glycolysis?

A

They reduction it changes to NADH

157
Q

What is the pyruvate in the process of glycolysis

A

The product

158
Q

What is the purpose of electron carriers

A

They’re cofactors

159
Q

What do electron carriers doc

A

They accept and donate electrons

160
Q

How are electron carries related to coenzymes?

A

NAD+ and FAD are coenzymes

Bio 140 (6 decks)

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