Exam 3 Flashcards
machine metaphor
represents organizations as standardized by repetition, specialization, or predictability
vocational anticipatory socialization
preparation for becomming a worker in the form of socialization that takes place in early life through family and media
continuationof identity
imports your normal practices of everyday talk into the work place
professional face
adapting to culture through speech codes, jargin, and idioms
instrumental goals
predominantly work
relational goals
predominantly outside work
formality/ hierarchy
Creates distance between workers and management. Can represent a strain on relationships because individuals have to use professional face rather than personal identity
structuation theory
points to the regularities of himam relationships that act as rules and resources drawn on to enable or constrain social interaction
sedimentation
something laid into the organization by the workers’ talk and everyday relational practices
structurational approach
To look at how people enact and enable or contain future interactions through their talk
industrial time
time a person is actually counted as beingwork and is therefor being paid
common causes of problems in integral communications
spillover effects and surveillance in technology
information peer relationships
civil and cordial but personal info is limited and profession info is profuse
collegial peer relationships
friends joke in and out of office
special peer relationship
high openness, self-disclosure, and intimacy- virtually indistinguishable from best friend relationships and workplace
ethocentric bias
believing that your culture is the benchmark for all others
cross-cultural communication
communcication styles and patterns of people from different cultural/social structures
intercultural communication
how people within the same culture communicate with each other
high context societies
place a great deal of emphasis on the total environment or context where speech and interaction take place
low context societies
mor eimportant to have a well structured argument or a well delivered presentation than it is to have social status
collectivist
stress group benefit and the overriding value of working harmoniously rather than individual personal advancement
individualist
focusing on the individual persona nd his pr her personal dreams, goals, and achievements, and right to make choices.
monochronic society
when you do one thing at a time or think of time as a straightline
polychronic society
multitask, have relaxed views of time and dont necessarily show up on time
conflict
involves real or perceived incompatibilities of processes, understandings, and viewpoints between people.
conflict-as-opportunity cultures
tend to be individualists- US
conflict-as-destructive cultures
tend to be collectivist or community- oriented such as many asian cultures
four assumptions of conflict-as-opportunity cultures
- conflict is a normal, useful process
- all issues are subject to change through negotiation
- direct confrontation and conciliation are valued
- conflict is a necessary renegotiation of an implied contract- a redistribution of opportunity, a release of tensions, and a renewal of relationships
four assumptions of conflict-as-destructive cultures
- conflict is a destructive disturbance of the peace
- the social system should not be adjusted to meet the needs of members; rather, members should adapt to established values
- confrontations are destructive and ineffective
- disputants should be disciplined
5 styles of conflict management
- dominating- forcing others
- integrating- situation that makes everyone happy
- compromising- everyone gives up a little
- obliging- give ip ones position to satisfy another’s
- avoiding
co-cultures
smaller groups of culture within a larger cultural mass
speech communities
sets of people whose speech codes and practices identify them as a cultural unit, sharing characteristic values through their equally chracateristic speech
cultural persuadables
certain topics that people in a societynever bother to persuade anyone else about because their arguments are always raised against a background of common understanding and shared beliefs
speech codes
a cultures verbalization of meaning and symbols
culture as a code
what we have in mind when we talk abotu societys secret agents and how we do culture in talk and relationships
restricted code
A way of speaking that emphasizes authority and adopts certain community/cultural orientations as indisputable facts
elaborated code
Speech that emphasizes the reasoning behind a command. Expresses individuality
media generations
differentiated by unique media grammar and media consciousness based on the technological environment in which they are born
relational technologies
emphasize the relational functions and implications of their use in society and within specific groups
synchronous communication
to interact in real time and can send and receive messages at once
asynchronous communication
interaction containing a slight or prolonged delay- alternate between sending and receiving
media equation
People use the same social rules and expectation when interacting with technology as they do with other people
civic engagement
entails participating in community development
benefits of civic engagement
social change, social reinforcement, justice, personal growth, intellectual growth
attitudes
learned predispositions to evaluate something in a positive or negative way that guide thinking and behavior
beliefs
what people hold to be true or false
given belief
the majority of people in the audience will hold the same perspective of either true or false
values
deeply held and enduring judgements of significance or importance that often provide the basis for both beliefs and attitudes
speeches to convince
delivered in an attempt to impact audience thinkign
claim of policy
maintains that a course of action should or should not be taken
claim of value
maintains that something is good or bas, beneficial or detrimental, or another evaluative criterion
claim of fact
maintains that something is true of false
claim of conjecture
through similar to a claim of fact in that something is determined to be true or false
speeches to actuate
deliverined in attemot to impact audience behavior
different impacting audience behavior
reinforcing an existing behavior, altering an existing behavior, ceasing an existing behavior, avoiding a future behavior.
inductive reasoning
involves deriving a general conclusion based on specific evidence, example, or instances
deductive reasoning
involves using general conclusion, premises, or principles to reach a conclusion about a specific example or instance
syllogism
a form of argumentation consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
major premise
statement or conclusion of a general nature
minor premise
entail a more specific statement abotu a particular instance or example
enthymeme
a syllogism that excludes one or two of the three components of a syllogism
social judgement theory
how people may respond to a range of positions surrounding a particular topic or issue
latitude of acceptance
the range of position that the audience deems acceptable
anchor position
represents the preferred or most acceptable position
latitude of rejection
includes those positions that the audience deems unacceptable
latitude of noncommitment
includes positions that the audience neither wholly accepts nor wholly rejects`
assimilation effect
maintains that if someone advocates a position within your latitude of acceptance, you will view it as close to your anchor position than it really is
contrast effect
which maintains that if someone advocates a position within your latitude of rejectionm you will view it as farther form you anchor position than it really is
foot-in-the-door technique
involves making a small request and following up with a second
self-perception theory
explain why footinthedoor works
after contributing to a cause, a person begins seeing him or herself as the type of person who supports a particular organization
cognitive dissonance theory
people prefer their actions to be consistent with their attitudes, beliefs, and values because inconsistency elicits negative feelings
helps support why the footinthedoor theory works
door-in-the-face technique
involves making a request so large that it will be turned down adn then followed up with a more reasonable request
perceptual contrast effect
maintains that people generally comply with the second request because compared to the inital request it appears much smaller
reciprocal concessions
maintains that people generallly comply with the second request because they feel since the person making the request is willing to concede somethig
self-presentation
maintians that people are concerned that other people
pre-giving technique
maintains that when a person is given something or offered favors by someone else, that person is more likely to comply with a subsequent request
extended parallel process model
which explains the process of fear appeals
compliance gaining
involves interpersonal attempts at influence, especially attempts to influence someone behavior
identity goals
secondary goals of compliance gaining recognizing that people desire to act in accordance with the personal dn relational identities they attempt to transact and/or the personal and relaitonal identitieis most appropriate in a given situaiton
interaction goals
compliance gaining recognizing the desire to act appropriately when attempting to gain compliance
resource goals
compliance gainign recognize the desire to maintain relational resources
arousal goals
compliance gaining recognize the desire to keep arousal at an acceptable level
rewarding activities
seek compliance through positivity
punishing activities
seek compliance through negativity
expertise activities
seek compliance through perceptions of credibility or wisdom
activation of impersonal commitments
seek compliance through the manipulation of internal feelings of obligation and appropriate behavior
activation of personal commitments
seeks compliance through appealing to obligations of others
dominance
contextual influence of compliance gaining based on power dimensions within a relationship
intimacy
contextual influence of compliance gaining based on the relational connection among interactants
resistance
contextual influence of compliance gaining based on anticipated opposition
relational consequences
contextual influence of compliance gaining based on the perceived effects a complaince gaining strategy might have on a relationship
personal benefit
contextual influence of compliance gaining based on potential personal gain
rights
contextual influence of compliance gaining based on the degress to which the desired outcome seems justified
apprehension
contextual influence of compliance gaining based on anxiety resulting from the circumstances
What are the scheins 3 levels of culture?
level 1- artifcats and behaviors
level 2- values
level 3- core beliefs and assumptions
What makes up organizational culture?
metaphors and stories
ceremonies and rites
What is an open/closed system?
the degree to which an organizaiton interacts with its environment
What is holon and interdependence
holon- soethign that is part is simultaneously the whole
interdependence- everything is interconnected
what is homeostasis?
balance within a system
what is nonsummartivity
whole is greater than the sum of all its parts
what is equifinality?
many ways to get to the same end
what is hierarchy?
some needs takeprecedence over other needs
negative entropy
all things move towards chaos but when organizations try to slow this by maintaining a balance
What is socialization and why is it iomportant?
socializaiton is learning to fit in and without recognizing the different components to an organization, such as metaphors stories ceremonies and rites then you wont be able to fit in
what is a workplace bully?
has 4 features- intense, repeated, enduring, characterized by power
what is the structural view of culture?
cultutre determined by geography
what is transactional view of culture?
culture that is created, maintained, reinforced in everyday interaction
what are the characteristics of a culture?
culture is learned, shared, multi-faceted, dynamic, and cultural identities may overlap
what is predjudices?
negative social attitude held by members of one group towards members of another
what is discounting?
dismiss info that doesnt fit / is a cognitive bias
what is fundamental attribution bias?
interpreting negative behavior as internal rather than external/ is a cognitive bias
what is exaggeration?
make negative more extreme/ is a cognitive bias
what is polarization
look for difference, ignore similarity/ is a cognitive bias
wgar is negative interpretation?
interpret everything as negative/ is a cognitive bias
what are the 3 barries to intercultural communication?
assumed similarity, anxiety and withdrawal, ehtocentrism
Analyzing audiences relationships with
the speaker
the issue
attitudes are
learned predispostions
beliefs are
what people hold to be true or false
values are
deeply held judgements of significance, often basis for attitudes, beliefs
speeches to convince
impact audiene thinking
speeches to actuate
impact audience behavior
what is toulmins model of argument?
claim- what we want the audience to accept qualifier- conditions data- what evidence warrant- how does it prove our point backing- what evidence for warrant rebuttal- potential counterarguments
3 types of artistic proofs
authoratative- ethos
motivational- pathos
substantive- logos
