Exam #3 Flashcards
Accommodation
adaptation of the eye to near and far objects, converging not eh axis of the nose. “Look at an object over my shoulder and then quickly look at my nose” - you should be able to watch the persons pupils contract.
aniscoria
unequal pupils
arcus senilis
a gray or white arc or circle visible around the outer part of the cornea in many older adults, due to deposition of lipid material. Does not require treatment.
astigmatism
irregular shape of the cornea on the lens inside the eye. Light doesn’t get focused properly causing blurry vision, discomfort, and headaches.
cataract
lens becomes opaque due to clumping of proteins in the lens
diplopia
double vision
exopthalmus
protruding eyeballs
microaneurysm
a tiny area of blood protruding from an artery or vein in the back of the eye; may open and leak blood into surrounding tissue.
myopia
AKA nearsightedness, you can see near but objects farther away appear blurred. (-) script. Globe is longer than normal and light rays focus in front of retina.
nystagmus
the eyes make receptive, uncontrolled movements often resulting in reduced vision. can be side to side, up and down, or in circular pattern. eyes can’t hold steady on objects being viewed and may be accompanied by unusual head positions and head nodding in an attempt to compensate for the condition.
OD/OS/OU
an outdated system of referring to right - OD, left - OS, or both eyes - OU.
optic disc
the area in which fibers from the retina converge to form the optic nerve. located toward the nasal side of the retina. color varies from creamy yellow-orange to pink, round or oval shape, distinct margins, physiologic cup (the smaller circular area inside the disc where the blood vessels exit and enter
presbyopia
gradual loss of your eyes ability to focus on nearby objects, due to the loss of flexibility of the lens.
pitosis
drooping eyelids
palpebral fissure line
the elliptical open space between the eyelids
red reflex
seen on physical exam, the red glow filling the person’s pupil. caused by the reflection of your ophthalmoscope light off the inner retina
strabismus
cross-eyed. one eye deviates off the fixation point. to avoid diplopia the brain begins to suppress the data from the weak eye. diagnosis after 6 yo has a poor prognosis.
CN III innervates which ocular muscles?
medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, and inferior oblique
CN IV innervates which ocular muscles?
superior oblique
CN VI innervates which ocular muscles?
lateral rectus
Pupillary Light Reflex
both pupils constrict when bright light shines on retina
Direct Light Reflex
Pupil constricts when light shines directly into the eye
Consensual Light Reflex
Simultaneous constriction of the other pupil.
Accommodation
adaptation of eye to near objects, converging on the axis of the nose.
Fixation
reflex direction of the eye toward an object attracting the person’s attention
Developmental changes in children
Newborns see in B&W. Peripheral vision intact, but poor coordination of eye movements @ birth. By 3-4 mo binocularity is developed (eyes move together). By 8 mo macula (keenest vision center) is mature. By 8 yo the eyeball reaches adult size.
Floaters
debris that accumulates b/c the vitreous humor is not renewed as continuously as the aqueous humor.
Glaucoma
loss of peripheral vision, increased intraocular pressure (which puts pressure on optic nerve and further decreases vision). Treated w/ drops.
Macular Degeneration
Loss of central vision
Snellen eye chart (Adults)
Normal vision is 20/20. Numerator: distance the person is standing from chart.
Denominator: Distance @ which a normal eye could have read that particular line. 20/30 = you can read @ 20ft what normal eye can see @ 30ft.
Snellen for children
Preschoolers: E turned different ways, child holds up fingers to match legs of the E. Toddler: various pictures.
Confrontation
Checks peripheral vision. You and pt both cover opposite eyes. Hold pencil as target and slowly bring it in to midline from periphery in several directions. Pt says “now” when they see target; should be same as you.
Corneal light reflex
shine a light toward the person’s eyes as they look straight ahead. reflection on the corneas should be in exactly the same spot on each eye.
Cover/Uncover Test
check for eye lag. Person stares straight ahead as you cover one of their eyes. Quickly uncover the eye and it should be staring straight ahead. If eye jumps to position there’s muscle weakness.
Diagnostic Positions Test
leads eyes through 6 cardinal positions, should be parallel tracking w/ both eyes.
PERRLA
Pupils are Equal, Round, and Reactive to Light and Accommodation
Hyperopia
AKA farsighted. Globe is shorter than normal, light rays would focus behind the retina if they could pass through. (+) script.
Assess eyes: neonate
pupils constrict and baby blinks in response to light
Assess eyes: birth - 2 wks
refusal to reopen eyes after exposure to bright light; increasing alertness to object; may fixate on an object
Assess eyes: 2-4 wks
can fixate on an object
Assess eyes: by 1 mo
can fixate and follow a light or bright toy
Assess eyes: by 3-4 mo
can fixate, follow, and reach for toy
Assess eyes: 6-10 mo
can fixate & follow toy in all directions
