Exam #2

Question 1

AORTIC ANEURYSM

Answer 1

EXCESSIVE LOCALIZED ENLARGEMENT OF THE AORTA. MOST ARE LOCATED BELOW RENAL ARTERIES AND EXTENT TO UMBILICUS. 80% ARE PALPABLE DURING PHYSICAL AND FEELS LIKE A PULSATING MASS IN UPPER ABDOMEN JUST LEFT OF THE MIDLINE. YOU WILL HEAR A BRUIT. FEMORAL PULSES ARE PRESENT BUT DECREASED.

Question 2

UMBILICAL HERNIA

Answer 2

SOFT SKIN-COVERED PROTRUSION OF THE OMENTUM OR INTESTINE THROUGH A WEAKNESS OF INCOMPLETE CLOSURE IN THE UMBILICAL RING. BOWEL RARELY STRANGULATES. MORE COMMON IN PREMATURE INFANTS, AND MOST RESOLVE BY 1 YEAR. IN ADULTS IT OCCURS WITH PREGNANCY, CHRONIC ASCITES, OR WITH CHORNIC INTRATHORACIC PRESSURE (LIKE ASTHMA AND BRONCHITIS).

Question 3

EPIGASTRIC HERNIA

Answer 3

A SMALL FATTY NODULE AT EPIGASTRUM IN MIDLINE, THROUGH THE LINEA ALBA (TENDINOUS SEAM THAT JOINS THE 4 LAYERS OF ABDOMINAL MUSCLES. USUALLY ONE CAN FEEL IT RATHER TAN OBSERVE IT. MAY BE PALPABLE ONLY WHEN STANDING.

Question 4

INCISIONAL HERNIA

Answer 4

A BULGE NEW AN OLD OPERATIVE SCAR THAT MAY NOT SHOW WHEN PERSON IS SUPINE BUT IS APPARENT WHEN THE PERSON INCREASES ABDOMINAL PRESSURE BY SITTING UP, STANDING, OR BY THE VALSALVA MANEUVER (TRYING TO EXHALE WITH YOUR NOSE PINCHED AND MOUTH CLOSED).

Question 5

ANOREXIA

Answer 5

LOSS OF APPETITE FROM GI DISEASE, A SIDE EFFECT TO SOME MEDICATIONS, WITH PREGNANCY, OR WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS.

Question 6

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

Answer 6

A PSYCHOSOCIAL DISORDER THAT INCLUDES LOSS OF APPETITE, VOLUNTARY STARVATION, AND GRAVE WEIGHT LOSS. THIS PERSON MAY TRY TO LOSE WEIGHT BY PURGING AND USING LAXATIVES.

Question 7

PARALYTIC ILEUS

Answer 7

AN OBSTRUCTION OF THE INTESTINE DUE TO PARALYSIS OF THE INTESTINAL MUSCLES. COMMONLY FOLLOWS SOME TYPES OF SURGERY, ESPECIALLY ABDOMINAL SURGERY. UPON AUSCULTATION, FEW OR NO BOWEL SOUNDS ARE HEARD (BECAUE THE BOWEL IS INACTIVE).

Question 8

ASCITES

Answer 8

FREE FLUID IN THE PERITONEAL CAVITY; OCCURS WITH HEART FAILURE, PORTAL HYPERTENSIONS, CIRRHOSIS, HEPATITIS, PANCREATITIS, AND CANCER.

Question 9

SCAPHOID

Answer 9

AN ABDOMEN THAT CAVES IN

Question 10

BORBORYGMI

Answer 10

HYPERPERISTALSIS, AKA STOMACH GROWLING

Question 11

SPLENOMEGALY

Answer 11

AN ENLARGED SPLEEN

Question 12

COSTOVERTEBRAL ANGLE

Answer 12

THE ACUTE ANGLE FORMED ON EITHER SIDE OF THE BACK BETWEEN THE 12TH RIBS AND THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN.

Question 13

SUPRAPUBIC

Answer 13

REGION FROM THE TOP OF THE HIP-BONES TO THE TOP OF THE PUBIC BONES; FROM THE OLDER SYSTEM OF DIVIDING THE ABDOMEN INTO 9-QUADRANTS.

Question 14

COSTAL MARGIN

Answer 14

THE LOWER EDGE OF THE CHEST FORMED BY THE BOTTOM EDGE OF THE RIB CAGE (SPECIFICALLY BY THE 7TH TO 12TH RIBS).

Question 15

TYMPANY

Answer 15

LOUD, HIGH-PITCHED, MUSICAL LIKE SOUNDS HEARD OVER AIR-FILLED ORGANS (STOMACH, AND THE INTESTINES).

Question 16

DYSPHAGIA

Answer 16

DIFFICULTY SWALLOWING, OCCURS WITH DISORDERS OF THE THROAT OR ESOPHAGUS.

Question 17

UMBILICAL

Answer 17

THE AREA AROUND THE BELLY BUTTON; FROM THE OLDER SYSTEM OF DIVIDING THE ABDOMEN INTO 9-QUADRANTS.

Question 18

EPIGASTRIC

Answer 18

THE AREA BETWEEN THE COSTAL MARGINS; FROM THE OLDER SYSTEM OF DIVIDING THE ABDOMEN INTO 9-QUADRANTS.

Question 19

HEPATOMEGALY

Answer 19

AN ENLARGED LIVER.

Question 20

AREOLA

Answer 20

AREA SURROUNDING THE NIPPLE FOR 1-2cm RADIUS. CONTAINS MONTGOMERY’S GLANDS (SECRETE PROTECTIVE LIPID MATERIAL DURING LACTATION) AND SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS THAT CAUSE ERECTION WHEN STIMULATED. COLOR VARIES FROM PINK TO BROWN.

Question 21

COLOSTRUM

Answer 21

THICK, YELLOW FLUID THAT IS THE PRECURSOR FOR MILK. CONTAINS THE SAME AMOUND OF PROTEIN AND LACTOSE BUT PRACTICALLY NO FAT. RICH WITH ANTIBODIES THAT PROTECT NEWBORN AGAINST INFECTION.

Question 22

COOPER’S LIGAMENT

Answer 22

SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT THAT EXTEND VERTICALLY FROM THE SURFACE TO ATTACH ON CHEST WALL MUSCLES. SUPPORT THE BREAST TISSUE. BECOME CONTRACTED WITH BREAST CANCER, PRODUCING PITS OR DIMPLES IN OVERLYING SKIN.

Question 23

DIMPLING

Answer 23

AKA SKIN TETHER. A SIGN OF SKIN RETRACTION ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER. MAY BE APPARENT AT REST, W/ COMPRESSION, OR W/ LIFTING ARMS.

Question 24

FIBROADENOMA

Answer 24

SOLITARY NON-TENDER MASS THAT IS SOLID, FIRM, RUBBERY, AND ELASTIC. ROUND, OVAL, OR LOBULATED; 1-5cm. FREELY MOVABLE, SLIPPERY, AND FINGERS SLIDE IT EASILY THROUGH TISSUE.

Question 25

GYNECOMASTIA

Answer 25

BENIGN ENLARGEMENT OF MALE BREAST. OCCURS WHEN PERIPHERAL TISSUES CONVERT ANDROGEN HORMONES TO ESTROGEN. CAN OCCUR WITH OBESITY, CUSHING SYNDROME, LIVER CIRRHOSIS, ADRENAL DISEASE, HYPERTHYROIDISM, DRUGS (ALCOHOL & POT), ESTROGEN TREATMENT FOR PROSTATE CANCER, ABX, AND SOME PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS.

Question 26

MASTITIS

Answer 26

AN INFLAMMATORY MASS BEFORE ABSCESS FORMATION. USUALLY OCCURS IN SINGLE QUADRANT. RED, SWOLLEN, TENDER, VERY HOT, AND HARD. SYMPTOMS: HEADACHE,MALAISE, FEVER, CHILLS/SWEATING, INCREASED PULSE, FLU LIKE SYMPTOMS. MAY OCCUR DRING FIRST 4 MONTHS OF LACTATION FROM INFECTION OR PLUGGED DUCT. TREATED W/ REST, LOCAL HEAT, ABX, AND FREQUENT NURSING.

Question 27

PAGET’S DISEASE

Answer 27

INTRADUCTAL CARCINOMA.

Question 28

PEAU D’ORANGE

Answer 28

LYMPHATIC OBSTRUCTION PRODUCES EDEMA THAT THICKENS THE SKIN AND EXAGGERATES THE HAIR FOLLICLES, GIVING A PIGSKIN OR ORANGE-PEEL LOOK. SUGGESTS CANCER.

Question 29

RISK FACTORS FOR BREAST CANCER THAT CANNOT BE CHANGED

Answer 29

> 50, HX OF B.Ca., BRCA1 and BRCA2 MUTATION, 1* RELATIVE W/ B.Ca., HIGH BREAST TISSUE DENSITY, MENARCHE 55YRS, HIGH DOSE RADIATION TO CHEST

Question 30

RISK FACTORS FOR BREAST CANCER THAT CAN BE CHANGED

Answer 30

NULLIPARITY OR 1ST CHILD AFTER 30YRS, RECENT ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE USE, NEVER BREASTFED A CHILD, LONG TERM USE OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTIN, >1 ALCOHOLIC DRINK PER DAY, OBESITY, HIGH FAT DIET, PHYSICAL INACTIVITY