Exam 3 Flashcards
How do reproductive cells divide
Meiosis
How are somatic cells divided
Mitosis
What are somatic cells used for
Growth and repair
What is mitosis
Division of somatic cells into 2 equal parts
What is interphase
Growing, maturing, and differentiating
What is the mitotic phase
Actively dividing
What is meiosis
Creating 4 haploid cells from one diploid cell
What is a haploid
1 set of chromosomes (gametes)
What is a diploid
2 sets of chromosomes
What does the suspensory ligament do
Holds the ovaries in place of the abdomen
What is the ovarian arteriovenous complex
The blood supply of the ovaries
What does the proper ligament do
It holds the ovary in place of the uterine horn
What are the functions of the female reproductive tract
Produce sex hormones, develop gametes, receive male gametes, facilitates fertilization, provides hospitable environment for embryonic development, carries fetus to term, facilitates parturition, and provides nutrition to newborn
When is a female sexually receptive to males
During estrus or heat
What are examples of polyestrous animals
Cattle and swine
What are examples of seasonally polyestrous animals
Horses, ferrets, cats, sheep, and goats
What is an example of a diestrous animal
Dogs
What are monoestrous animals
Foxes, minks, and bears
What are the 3 phases of a bitch’s reproductive cycle
Follicular, luteal, and qulescent
What hormone is released during the follicular phase and why
FSH for follicular development
What follicular development can be absorbed from the follicle to indicate the follicular phase
The granulosa cells
What does the follicular phase result in
Physical/behavioral changes to prepare for breeding and pregnancy
What hormone is produced during the luteal phase and why
LH for ovulation and lutenization
What can be visualized on the ovary to indicate the luteal phase
Corpus luteum
What is the purpose of the luteal phase
Prepare uterus for implantation and maintain pregnancy
What is the quiescent phase
Period of rest between heat cycles, no sexual behaviors are present at this time, avg 3-5 months long depending on breed, health, age, time of year, and environment
Are dogs multiparous or uniparous
Typically multiparous
When is the first heat
6-12 months but can be 4-24 months
What can be used to determine time of breeding
Vaginal cytology and serum progesterone
Why do we look at a vaginal cytology to determine where a bitch is in her cycle
Because estrogen influences maturation of the epithelium to keratinized squamous epithelium
What are the 4 cell types that can be seen on a vaginal cytology
Parabasal, intermediate, superficial cells, and anucleated squamous cells
What are the non cornified cells that can be seen on a vaginal cytology
Parabasal and intermediate
What are the cornified cells that can be seen on a vaginal cytology
Superficial cells and anucleated squamous cells
What are parabasal cells
Small round cells w/ large stippled nuclei (high N:C ratio)
What are intermediate cells
Small round to large angular cells w/ stippled nuclei and more cytoplasm than parabasal
What are superficial cells
Large angular cells w/ pyknotic nuclei and has no stippling to nucleus
What are anucleated superficial cells
Angular cells w/ no nuclei
What is the proestrus stage
Follicular development, Avg 9 days, repro tract wall progressively thickens, physically the vulva swells w/ bloody vaginal discharge, and attracted to male but will not mate
What is the estrus stage
Avg 9 days, standing heat accepting males, straw colored discharge, and >90% cornified cells on cytology
What is the diestrus stage
Abg 60 days, no specific physical changes, female is not interested in male, abrupt decrease in superficial cells on cytology, CL is present regardless if bred, and ends w/ decline in serum progesterone
When would an animal experience a pseudopregnancy
During diestrus
What is the anestrus phase
Avg 4 months, reproductive quiescence, endometrial repair, and non-cornified cells on cytology
How long can normal sperm be viable in the female repro tract
7-9 days
How many meiotic divisions must occur to the primary oocyte in order for fertilization to occur
2
How long after the LH surge is a bitch fertile
2 days
At what serum progesterone levels does ovulation occur
4-10 ng/ml
When is the optimal breeding day
2 days after ovulation occurs
What serum progesterone level indicates an LH surge
2-2.9 ng/ml
How long can sperm live in the female reproductive tract
7-9 days
What is an ovulated oocyte called
Primary oocyte
What are the methods of breeding
Natural cover, fresh, fresh chilled, and frozen
Where does fertilization occur
In the oviduct
When does the embryo enter the uterus
As a morula on day 8-12
When does implantation occur
At day 17-18
What type of placenta does dogs form and what are its characterisitics
Endotheliochorial zonary placenta w/ marginal hematomas containing the green pigment uteroverdin
What is the gestational length of dogs
62-64 days from ovulation
How can pregnancy be diagnosed
Palpation at 28-35 days after ovulation, ultrasound 24-28+ days, rads 45+ days, and pregnancy tests for relaxin as early as 22-27 days
What are the souces of relaxin
Ovaries and placenta
What is looked for on an ultrasound when trying to diagnosis pregnancy
Fetal vesicles are first visible routinely day 24-28 and fetal heartbeats are easily visible after day 30
What else can we use to determine fetal viability
HR, movement, gut peristalsis, and kidney development
How can we see fetal death on xrays
Gas w/in or around the fetus, collapse of axial skeleton, and failure of skeleton to calcify or fetus to grow
How long after a heat cycle can a pyometra occur
2 months in unbred females
What are clinical signs of pyometra
Lethargic, febrile, anorectic, vomiting, diarrhea, possible vulvar discharge, PU/PD, and abdominal distension
What clinical signs can pyometra cause if left untreated
Organ dysfunction, coagulopathies, disseminated intravascular coagulation, shock, and death
What is the treatment for pyometra
Surgery and medical management of antibiotics and PGF-2alpha if it is a breeding animal w/ no life threatening illnesses
What clinical signs can appear if treating pyometra medically
Abdominal discomfort, vomiting, diarrhea, tachycardia, restlessness, anxiety, fever, and hypersalivatio
What muscle is attached to the scrotum to manipulate temperature of the sperm
Cremaster muscle
What is the pampiniform plexus
Network of veins surrounding testicular artery to cool arterial bood
What is the vas deferens called in vet med
Deferent duct
What are lobules
Testicular tissue between the septas
What are septas
Fibrous partitions that stem from the tunica albuginea
What is the tunica albuginea
A fibrous capsule of dense connective tissue that surrounds/supports the testis
What is the vaginal tunic
Fibrous capsule of dense connective tissue that surrounds the pampiniform plexus and cremaster muscle aka spermatic cord
What does the gubernaculum become
Proper ligament of testis, ligament of tail of epididymis, and scrotal ligament
What needs to be intact in order to have a closed neuter
The visceral tunic vaginalis
Where is spermatozoa produced
In the seminiferous tubules
What are sertoli cells
Support spermatids and shielf them from the immune system
What are interstitial cells (Leydig)
They produce androgens (testosterone) in response to LH
What does testosterone cause in males
Secondary sex characterisitics, accessory sex glands, and spermatogenesis
What is the epididymis
Storage and maturation of spermatozoa
What is the ductus deferens
Moves spermatozoa from the epididymis to urethra during ejaculation
What are common accessory sex glands
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
What can be found in the alkaline fluid produced by the accessory sex glands
Electrolytes, fructose, and prostaglandins
What is the only accessory sex gland in the dog
The prostate
What do seminal vesicles produce
Secretions that make up much of the volume of the semen and transport/provide nutrients for the sperm
What is the main functionof the prostate gland
Alkaline fluid secretion
What is the bulbourethral gland do
Provide nutrition to sperm and forms a gelatinous plug that traps the semen in the female reproduction system
What is the penis comprised of
Muscle, erectile tissue, CT, blood supply, and sensory nerves
What is the roots of the penis
Two bands of crura attach the penis to the brim of the pelvis
What is the body of the penis
Corpus cavernosum that is paired bundles of erectile tissue w/ sinuses that engorge w/ blood and the corpus spongiosum that protects the urethra
What is the glans penis
Distal end of penis w/ numerous sensory nerves
What is the sigmoid flexure
An S shape curve that is straightens during erection and is retracted by a penis muscle
What is puberty in animals
Capable of releasing gametes
What is sexual maturity
Full reproduction capability
What is looked at in a BSE
Fertility in males and females, history, examing the reproductive tract, infectious disease testing, +/- ultrasound/advance imaging/uterine biopsie, vaginal cytology, semen collection/evaluation, and other species specific things such as scortal circumference and evaluating accessory glands
What infectious disease are we looking to avoid in canine breeding animals
Brucella canis
What infectious disease are we looking to avoid in cattle breeding animals
Tritrichomonas foetus
What are the 3 protions of semen
Pre-sperm, sperm rich, and prostatic portion
What is the pre-sperm fraction
Clear first portion seen during the initial thrusts coming from the prostate and urethral glands
What is the sperm rich fraction
White cloudy portion seen during thrusts coming from the tail of the epididymis
What is the prostatic protion
Clear portion seen when thrusting is done can be seen after the stepover to the rear comes from the prostate
What is the only seminal fraction that is not needed for the BSE
The prostatic portion
What things go into organizing an environment for collection
Quiet non-stressful environment and a non slip mat to provide footing
What collection equipment is used for dogs
Collection sleeve, polypropylene AI cone, Whirl-Pak bags, avoid rough edges and seams (fold edges), and wear gloves
How far up do you slide up the collection sleeve and hold the penis
Behind the bulbus glandis and apply pressure proximal to the bulbus glandis
How can pain and discomfort during collection be avoided
Place the prepuce proximal to the bulbus glandis
What is used for collection w/ most small ruminants
Electroejaculator in the rectum
How do you do a sperm count
Put a 1:100 dilution in a hemacytometer and look at it under the microscope
What is the required percentage of sperm to have progessive motility in dogs to pass a BSE
70%
What is the differece btw wave motility and progressive motility
Wave motility looks at the movement of the group of sperm and progessive looks at individual movement
Which stain is used to distinguish viability of sperm
Eosin-Nigrosin
What is the other stain that can be used for sperm mophology
Wright-Giemsa
