Exam 3 Flashcards
Does finely-ground mineral supplement or coarsley ground/granular mineral supplement increase bioavailability? Why?
Finely ground bc the more surface area of the finely ground supplement will allow for better absorption in the intestine.
two functions attributed to Ca
bone growth
muscle contraction
two functions attributed to Phosphorus
cell membranes (phospholipids)
energy production (ATP)
explain the relationship between phosphorous safety factors and eutrophication
feeding livestock high amounts of phosphorus will increase the amount of P in their waste. If their waste reaches a water source (river or lake) it can cause eutrophication which can damage the wildlife population and cause overgrowth of algae
describe, in detail, how the blood concentration of Ca is regulated
If Ca concentration in the blood is too high it is regulated by Calcitonin which DECREASES the amount of Ca in blood by increasing Ca deposition in bone but also decreasing absorption from urine and decreases uptake from intestine
If Ca concentration in the blood is too low, it is regulated by parathyroid hormone which INCREASES the amount of Ca in blood by enhancing Ca release from bones, enhance reabsorption in kidneys, and stimulates production of vitamin D.
Iodine deficiency
Hypothyroidism
Sodium deficiency
Pica
Zinc deficiency
Erosion of skin and fins on fish
Chloride deficiency
Alkalosis
Copper deficiency
Equine Degenerative myeloencephalopathy
Magnesium deficiency
Grass tetany
Calcium deficiency
Osteoporosis
Iron deficiency
Anemia
Sulfur toxicity
polioencephalomalacia
Sodium toxicity
Seizures and paralysis
Iodine toxicity
hyperthyroidism
Cobalt function
needed for gluconeogenesis (propionate -> succinate)
Iodine function
component of thyroid hormones
Chloride function
needed for the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin in the stomach
Sodium function
principle inorganic cation of extracellular fluid
Chromium function
work as cofactor for hormone insulin
Potassium function
found primarily inside body cells and involves in osmotic regulation
Iron function
component of hemoglobin in RBC
Sulfur function
Component of the amino acid methionine
Selenium function
component of the antioxidant enzyme thioredoxin reductase
Copper function
structural component of the enzyme ceruloplasmin
mineral that is low in concentration in sow milk and must be administered to piglets
iron
two fat-soluble vitamins involved in skeletal growth and connective tissue formation
Vitamin D, Vitamin A
explain the relationship between magnesium, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D
- magnesium is necessary for PTH to function
- vitamin D helps to facilitate the use of Ca and P which can trigger the release or uptake of PTH
T or F: Vitamin C is NOT involved in iron absorption?
FALSE
one fat soluble vitamin involved with antioxidant properties
vitamin A
one water-soluble vitamin involved with antioxidant properties
riboflavin (B2)
Vitamin D deficiency
rickets
Vitamin E deficiency
muscle degeneration and anemia
Vitamin K deficiency
unchecked internal hemorrhages
Vitamin A deficiencies
night blindness
Vitamin C deficiency
scurvy
Niacin/ B3 deficiency
pellagra
Pantothenic acid/B5 deficiency
goose-stepping
name two water soluble vitamins involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids
B12 and B6
Name two B vitamins that contain sulfur as their structural component
B1 (Thiamin), B7 (Biotin)
two factors that may interfere with the vitamin needs of livestock
- environmental stress leading to strain and not eating
- differing bioavailability in feedstuffs
two B vitmains involved in the synthesis of amino acid methionine
B12 and B9
the most active form of vitamin D
Calcitriol (1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D)
white muscle disease is a result of what deficiency?
selenium and vitamin E
general advantages of adopting an early weaning strategy for lambs
puts more weight on lambs early on
takes stress off of the mother, especially if she has twins
explain why a nutrient deficient diet in the last third of ewe’s gestation may affect the survivability and development of neonate lambs
most of the growth of the neonate is done during the last third of the ewe’s pregnancy. This is the most demanding period and requires a higher energy dense diet because ewe’s are more likely to fall into a negative energy balance during this time. This may effect the growth of the lambs because they will not receive the nutrients they need and can negatively impact development
the sulfur amino acid directly involved with wool production
methionine
would you recommend a flushing diet to ewes with a BCS of 2?
yes because a BCS of 2 is on the lower side of the score so flushing can help to improve their reproductive performance.
mineral that is TOXIC to sheep
copper
when in the gestation cycle are ewes more susceptible to pregnancy toxemia?
late gestation
when is peak milk production in sheep?
first 2-4 weeks postpartum
explain the physiological/hormonal mechanism associated with anestrous in goats
light causes melatonin secretion to be lowered. With less amount of light (shorter days) there is a stimulation to release GnRH which stimulates the release of FSH and LH. These hormones release reproductive hormones such as estrous, which is why the breeding season for goats is during autumn/winter when the days are shorter.
what is the major nutritional goal of creep feeding goat kids?
creep feeding can help to put weight on the kids so they can develop faster as well as increase butyrate production
what is the activity lvl of goats w/ feeding in: intensive management
LOW ACTIVITY
what is the activity lvl of goats w/ feeding in: semiarid rangeland and hilly pastures
MEDIUM ACTIVITY
what is the activity lvl of goats w/ feeding in: arid rangeland, sparse vegetation, mountainous
HIGH ACTIVITY
activity lvl of goats w/ feeding in: stable feeding conditions
minimum activity
two nutritional advantages as a result of goats browsing behavior
more variety in their diets means more of their needs can be met by browsing
by ingesting leaves and twigs, they obtain higher levels of protein and phosphorous
one vitamin involved in gluconeogenesis
biotin
what nutritional management strategy would you recommend to reduce the incidence of ketosis/pregnancy toxemia in goats?
feeding a concentrate and maintaining a BCS of 3.5 during the late gestation period which is when they can develop ketosis/pregnancy toxemia
