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Anatomy > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

0
Q

Epididymis:

A

Tube connecting efferent ducts to vas deferens

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1
Q

Three functions of the male reproductive system:

A

Production of androgens, production storage and nourishment of male gametes, introduce gametes into female reproductive tract

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2
Q

Bulbourethral gland functions:

A

Attached to urethra, not obstructed by prostate, secretes pre ejaculate to neutralise trace urine and lubricate passage for spermatozoa

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3
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Secrete fluid that makes up 50-70% of semen.

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4
Q

Vas deferens:

A

Peristalsis during ejaculation propels sperm into urethra, collecting fluids from seminal vesicle and prostate.

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5
Q

Prostate:

A

Secretes alkaline, milky fluid. Sperm have longer lifespans and motility in prostate secretions.

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6
Q

Testes suspended from:

A

Spermatic cord

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7
Q

Site of spermatogenesis:

A

Seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

Spermatogenesis cycle:

A

Wall of tubule contains Sertoli cells (nutrients): mitosis, meiosis 1, meiosis 2, early and late spermatids, spermatozoa, lumen.

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9
Q

Spermiogenesis:

A

Spermatids mature into spermatozoa

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10
Q

Leydig cells secrete:

A

Androgenic steroids

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11
Q

Inhibin secreted by:

A

Sertoli cells

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12
Q

Vas deferens enters abdominal cavity through:

A

Inguinal canal

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13
Q

Oogenesis:

A

Mitosis (completed before birth), meiosis 1 (begins before birth, completes after puberty), meiosis 2 (as released oocyte), meiosis 2 occurs if fertilisation occurs

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14
Q

Female hormonal control. Hypothalamus releases:

A

GnRH

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15
Q

Ovaries release:

A

Progesterone, oestrogen and inhibin

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16
Q

FSH:

A

Stimulates growth of follicles, promotes ovaries to secrete oestrogen, promotors secretion of inhibin by ovaries

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17
Q

Ovulation caused by:

A

Spike in LH

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18
Q

Formation of corpus luteum caused by:

A

LH

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19
Q

Corpus luteum secretes:

A

Progesterone

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20
Q

Progesterone prepares body for:

A

Pregnancy

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21
Q

The Pill inhibits:

A

GnRH

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22
Q

Phagocyte examples:

A

Monocytes in blood, tissue macrophages, neutrophils in blood

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23
Q

Hypothalamus produces _______ hormones:

A

Releasing hormones

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24
Q

Hypothalamus hormones (x1-7)

A

GnRH, TRH, PRF, PRIF, CRH, GHRH, SS

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25
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones:

A

ADH, oxytocin

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26
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones (x3-6):

A

TSH, LH, FSH, GH (growth hormone), PRL (prolactin), ACTH

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27
Q

Oxytocin (posterior pituitary) to:

A

Uterine muscles and mammary glands

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28
Q

ADH (posterior) to:

A

Kidney tubules

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29
Q

ACTH (anterior pituitary) to:

A

Adrenal cortex

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30
Q

Growth hormone (anterior pituitary):

A

Entire body

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31
Q

Prolactin (anterior pituitary) to:

A

Mammary glands

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32
Q

Endorphins from the _________ go to the _________:

A

Anterior pituitary to pain receptors in the brain

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33
Q

T3/T4 secreted from:

A

Follicular cavities

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34
Q

TSH stimulates breakdown of _______ into _____ and _____

A

Thyroglobulin into T4 and T3

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35
Q

Calcitonin produced:

A

By C cells in thyroid

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36
Q

Calcitonin lowers:

A

Calcium and phosphate levels in blood

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37
Q

Steroid hormones (x3):

A

Mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex steroids

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38
Q

Example of mineralcorticoid:

A

Aldosterone

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39
Q

Example of glucocorticoids:

A

Cortisone

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40
Q

PNS:

A

Peripheral nervous system

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41
Q

PNS contains:

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves

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42
Q

CNS comprised of:

A

Brain, spinal cord

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43
Q

Somatic nervous system comprised of:

A

Motor - skeletal muscle, sensory

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44
Q

Autonomic comprised of:

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic

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45
Q

Components of cerebrum:

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes

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46
Q

Frontal lobe functions:

A

Motor cortex, intellect, planning, mood, social judgment

47
Q

Parietal lobe functions:

A

Somatosensory cortex, general sensation and taste

48
Q

Temporal lobe functions:

A

Auditory cortex

49
Q

Occipital lobe function:

A

Visual cortex

50
Q

Meninges layers (x3):

A

Under skin, periosteum and skull: dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

51
Q

Between arachnoid and pia mater:

A

Subarachnoid space, contains cerebrospinal fluid

52
Q

Cranial nerve pairs:

A

12 pairs

53
Q

Sensory cranial nerves:

A

Olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear

54
Q

Motor cranial nerves:

A

Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglassal

55
Q

Both motor and sensory cranial nerves:

A

Trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

56
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS regulates:

A

Homeostasis

57
Q

Multipolar neurones receive action potentials through ________ and out of the _________:

A

Through Cell body and out of the synaptic terminals

58
Q

Blood: plasma percentage:

A

55%

59
Q

Most abundant plasma protein:

A

Albumin

60
Q

Albumin (produced and influences):

A

Produced in liver, influences blood pressure, flow, fluid balance

61
Q

Elements of blood (x9):

A

Monocytes, platelets, small lymphocytes, large lymphocytes, neutrophil, young neutrophil, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes

62
Q

Haemoglobin structure:

A

Four protein chains (globins), each with haem group with iron

63
Q

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate:

A 
Men = age/2 or lower
Female = (age+10)/2
64
Q

Leukocytes (White blood cells):

A

Granulocytes, agranulocytes

65
Q

Granulocytes in order of most to least:

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

66
Q

Agranulocytes in order of most to least:

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes

67
Q

Neutrophil functions:

A

Phagocytosis and bacterial infections

68
Q

Eosinophil functions:

A

Parasitic infections and allergies such as asthma

69
Q

Basophil functions:

A

Chicken pox, sinusitis, diabetes

70
Q

Lymphocyte functions:

A

Infections, immune responses, destroy cancer cells, virally infected cells

71
Q

Monocyte functions:

A

Become tissue macrophages

72
Q

Platelet functions (x5):

A

Secrete clotting factors, factors for endothelial repair, vasoconstrictors in broken vessels, form temporary platelet plugs, dissolve old blood clots

73
Q

Red blood cell productions stimulated by:

A

Erythropoietin

74
Q

Neg feedback of hypoxemia:

A

Liver and kidneys sense hypoxemia, secrete erythropoietin, stimulate bone marrow

75
Q

Primary Haemostasis:

A

Temporary platelet plug (platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation)

76
Q

Secondary haemostasis:

A

Coagulation, stable clot

77
Q

Vascular spasm:

A

Prompt constriction of a broken vessel

78
Q

Vascular spasm triggered by:

A

Pain receptors, injury to smooth muscle, platelets release chemical (serotonin)

79
Q

What is produced by the choroid plexus of the ventricles?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

80
Q

Blog group A contains antigen and antibody:

A

A and anti-B

81
Q

Blood group B contains antigen and antibody:

A

B and anti-A

82
Q

AB contains antigen ___ and antibody ____:

A

A+B and none

83
Q

O blood antigen _____ and antibody ____:

A

None and anti A, anti B

84
Q

Fallopian tube structure:

A

Fimbriae - ampulla - isthmus - uterus

85
Q

Uterus comprised of:

A

Cervix, body, fundus

86
Q

Bones contains organic and inorganic components. Properties:

A

Organic: made up of collagen and protein complexes
Inorganic: deposition of mineral salts (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate)

87
Q

OsteoBlasts:

A

Produce new bone, secrete osteoid and are responsible for mineral deposition

88
Q

Osteocytes:

A

Mature bone cells, located in lacunae, maintain matrix

89
Q

OsteoClasts:

A

Remove mineral from matrix, responsible for bone remodelling

90
Q

Two types of bone tissue:

A

Compact and cancellous

91
Q

Compact bone:

A

Located on surface, resists stress

92
Q

Cancellous bone:

A

Located interior of bone, also called spongy bone, contains haphazard arrangement of trabeculae and marrow is located in the spaces

93
Q

Bone shapes:

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

94
Q

Fracture classifications (x6):

A

Green stick, comminuted, linear, transverse, oblique, spiral

95
Q

Joint types - functional classification (x3):

A

Synarthrosis (little no movement)
Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable eg intervertebral discs)
Diarthroses (freely moveable eg hip)

96
Q

Immune tissues (x6):

A

Marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatics, blood

97
Q

Immune system tissue cells:

A

T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells, macrophages

98
Q

Immune system molecules:

A

Lysozyme, chemokines, cytokines

99
Q

How do extra cellular pathogens spread?

A

Lymphatics/bloodstream

100
Q

How do intra cellular pathogens spread?

A

Cell to cell contact

101
Q

Innate immunity types:

A

Physical barriers, anti microbial factors, phagocytes, inflammation/fever

102
Q

Innate immunity of eyes:

A

Tears, lysozyme

103
Q

Innate immunity of respiratory tract:

A

Mucus, ciliated epithelium

104
Q

Innate immunity of skin:

A

Sweat, sebum, shedding, antimicrobials, low pH

105
Q

Innate immunity of GI tract:

A

Stomach acidity, intestinal pH, mechanical flushing such as vomiting/defecation, normal flora, lysozyme

106
Q

Innate immunity of genitourinary tract:

A

Urine, vaginal secretions, lysozyme

107
Q

Cytokines innate immunity:

A

Virus infected cell produces IFN. Triggers anti viral response.

108
Q

T cells production:

A

Produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus

109
Q

B cells production:

A

Produced by bone marrow, mature in marrow

110
Q

Molecules recognised by antibodies are called:

A

Antigens

111
Q

Antigen examples:

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA

112
Q

Kidney blood supply:

A

Renal arteries enter, veins leave

113
Q

Renin produced by:

A

Kidney

114
Q

Anterior pituitary releases -trophins:

A

Somatotrphins, thyrotrophins, corticotrophins, lactotrophins, gonadotropins

Anatomy (16 decks)

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