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Clinical Neuroscience > Exam 2 Week 4 Content > Flashcards

Exam 2 Week 4 Content Flashcards

1
Q

where is the diencephalon

A

in the cerebrum

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2
Q

what are the 4 parts of the diencephalon

A

the subthalamus, epi, hypo and thalamus

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3
Q

where is the thalamus located

A

in the center of the brain

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4
Q

what is the thalamus important for

A

important processing center

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5
Q

TF: nearly all pathways projecting to the cerebral cortex synapse first in the thalamus

A

true

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6
Q

does olfactory information synapse in the thalamus

A

no!

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7
Q

the two lateral portions of the thalamus are connected by the

A

intermediate mass

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8
Q

describe the sensory inputs and nuclei of the thalamus

A

each sensory input has a spot in the thalamus, a nuclei it synapses wth before going to the cortex.

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9
Q

the medial geniculate nuclei is for

A

auditory

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10
Q

the lateral geniculate nuclei is fro

A

visual

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11
Q

thalamic nuclei process info coming from…. (ITS A RELAY)

A

the BG, cerebellum, limbic paths and brainstem reticular formation

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12
Q

which are there more of corticothalamic projections or thamaocortical projections? why??

A

corticothalamic, beccasse there is dense reciprocal feedback connections from the cortical areas.

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13
Q

the thalamic nuclei are divided into 3 main groups…

A

relay nuclei
association nuclei
nonspecific nuclei

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14
Q

the 3 main thalamic nuclei groups are divided by the

A

internal medullary lamina. (y-shaped white matter)

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15
Q

which nuclei makes up most of the thalamus

A

relay

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16
Q

what is the purpose of the relay nuclei

A

they get info from a bunch of different places, and projects it to the cortex. also gets a lot of reciprocal feedback

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17
Q

somatosensation from the spinal cord relay in the, whereas with cranial nerves…

then they go to the

A

VPL
VPM
both go to sensory cortex

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18
Q

visual information is relayed in the and

A

LGN

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19
Q

auditory information is relayed in the

A

MGN

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20
Q

what are the motor relay nuclei

A

the ventral anterior and ventral posterior

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21
Q

what are the sensory relay nuclei

A

VLP, VPM, MGN, LGN

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22
Q

where does the VL (ventral lateral) project to

A

the motor, premotor and supplementary motor cortex

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23
Q

where does the VA (ventral anterior) project to

A

the motor planning areas.

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24
Q

there are three categories of association nuclei, what are they

A 
decorative memory (AN, LD, M)
sensory integration (LP, L)
emotion (MG)
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25
Q

what are the non specific nuclei

A

I (intralaminar)

R (reticular)

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26
Q

where is the hypothalamus in relation to the thalamus

A

anterior and inferior

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27
Q

what does the hypothalamus integrate

A

behaviors and visceral functions.

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28
Q

what are the 6 functions of the hypothalamus

A 
homeostasis
eating, reproduction, defensive
emotional 
circadian rhythm 
endocrine regulation
activation of SNS
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29
Q

where is the epithalamus in relation to the thalamus

A

posture and superior

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30
Q

the epithalamus has two parts, what are they

A

the habenula, and the pineal gland.

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31
Q

what does the habenula do

A

respond to odor (emotional and visceral response)

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32
Q

what does the pineal gland do

A

sleep wake cycle modulation, biological clock, onset of puberty, influences secretion of other things.

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33
Q

where is the subthalamus in relation to the thalamus

A

inferior

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34
Q

what is the subthalamus involved in

A

controlling motor function

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35
Q

the subthalamus is part of what circuit. why/how do we know?

A

the BG. contains sub-thalamic nuclei of the re nuclei and the substantial nigra.

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36
Q

what is the role of the subthalamus

A

controlling motor function

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37
Q

what do the subcortical white matter gibers do

A

convey signals to and from the cortex.

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38
Q

what are the three types of subcortical white matter fibers

A

projection, commissural and association

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39
Q

where do the ascending and descending projection fibers go

A

ascending, subcortical to the cortex.

descending, cortex to things like the SC and brainstem, BG or thalamus.

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40
Q

almost all projection fibers go through the

A

internal capsule

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41
Q

the anterior limb of the internal capsule has fibers going from the

A

corticopontine and thalamus to the limbic system

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42
Q

the genu of the internal capsule has fiber from the

A

CN motor nuclei to the reticular formation

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43
Q

the posterior limb of the internal capsule has fibers from the

A

corticospinal and thamaocortical fibers to the cortex (somatosensation, visual and auditory, and motor)

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44
Q

what are commissural fibers

A

between the hemispheres(connects lobes), through the corpus callosum

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45
Q

what are the association fibers. short vs. long?

A

connect within one hemisphere.
Short: between gyri
long: within the lobes of the hemisphere.

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46
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

a group of cell bodies, axons and dendrites in the grey matter on the surface of the hemispheres.

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47
Q

what two cells make up the cortex

A

granule and pyramidal

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48
Q

what are granule cells

A

they are the small interneurons within the cortex

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49
Q

what are the pyramidal cells

A

these are the outputs for the cortex, so the protection, association and commissural

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50
Q

what is brodmanns area

A

what they used to map the brain, and which part of the cortex was responsible for what

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51
Q

the primary sensory and motor cortex represents movement and sensation on the ___ side of the body

A

contralateral

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52
Q

what are somatotopic maps

A

areas of the brain that are topographically mapped, so the hand is near the arm kind of mapping.

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53
Q

what are the 5 functions of the cortex

A 
primary sensory
primary motor 
secondary sensory 
motor planning
association
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54
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex, and what does it do

A

on the post central gyrus. this is where we discriminate among different intensities, and qualities. discriminate size, shape and texture.

55
Q

where do the primary
auditory
vestibular
visual cortexes get their information from

A

cochlear
vestibulothalamocorticol
LGN

56
Q

what tracts are to the primary sensory cortex

A

DCML and thalamocortical

57
Q

where is the primary motor cortex, and what tracts are here

A

the pre central gyrus. the corticospinal

58
Q

the corticospinal tracts cross where

A

pyramids of medulla

59
Q

what is the function of the primary motor cortex

A

to control motor outputs, use the plan. control contralateral voluntary movement.

60
Q

what is the secondary sensory cortex

A

where we analyze information, and it can tell us what the object is. The primary tells us the object is long and thin, and secondary tells us its a pen.

61
Q

stereognosis happens here

A

the secondary sensory cortex.

62
Q

where and what is the motor planning area.

A

anterior to the primary motor cortex, plans postural control, trunk and girdle movements.

63
Q

what are the three areas of the motor planning area

A

supplemental ,
premotor
Brocas

64
Q

what is Broca’s area

A

motor of speech. movement of the tongue, teeth and mouth, allows us to speak. In the Left hemisphere.

65
Q

what is the association area

A

not part of sensory or motor, it just associates what things are?

66
Q

how is sound transmitted

A

the external meatus, to the tympanic membrane, through the ossicles, to the oval window. From here, it goes to the cochlea, moves the fluid, and the hair cells pick up on it and pass it to CN8

67
Q

the vestibular apparatus has two parts, what are they

A

the bony and membranous labyrinth

68
Q

what is in the bony labyrinth

A

the perilymph, and it suspends the membranous labyrinth

69
Q

what is in the membranous labyrinth

A

the cochlear duct, the utricle and saccule and the semicircular canals, with the ENDOLYMPH

70
Q

what is ultimately the thing that sends signals to CN 8

A

the hair cells

71
Q

what are the semicircular canals

A

they are 3 hollow perpendicular things

72
Q

where do the semicircular canals open into

A

the utricle

73
Q

what are the ampulla

A

the fat part right before they SC canals open into the utricle.

74
Q

the endolymph of the semicircular canals picks up on what movement

A

rotational acceleration and deceleration

75
Q

what is located within the ampulla, and what is it

A

the crista, which is the supporting cells and the hair cells

76
Q

what are hair cells in the crista of the ampulla embedded in

A

cupula, which is like jello

77
Q

hair cells turn mechanical force in to

A

impulses

78
Q

what ho the hair cells have

A

sensory neurons, multiple small stereo cilia and a large kinocilia.

79
Q

if you move to the kinocilium are you exciting or inhibiting

A

exciting

80
Q

away from the kinocilium is

A

inhibition

81
Q

describe how head movement affects the cupula

A

the head moves one way, and the cupula will move another. They normally fire at a baseline rate, with the head still. Then when the head moves, there is a lag, and the lag causes the hair cells to move as well.

82
Q

what are the otolithic organs

A

the utricles and saccules.

83
Q

what types of movement do the otolithic organs picks up. orientation?

A

head position with gravity, and linear acceleration and deceleration.

utricles: horizontal
saccules: vertical

84
Q

each sac of the otolithic organ has a

A

macula

85
Q

what is the macula. (contains…?)

A

the hair cells in the jello, with the Ca carbonate crystal over the hair cells, OTOCONIA

86
Q

how do the hair cells in the macula tilt

A

the head moves, the otoconia will tilt, and cause the hair cells to move.

87
Q

what is the maximal response of the utricles

A

upright and full tilt forward, linear acceleration and deceleration

88
Q

what is the maximal response of the saccules

A

from SL to standing, from a lateral flexed position.

89
Q

where do vestibular nuclei reside int he brainstem

A

at the pontomedullary junction

90
Q

the vestibular system contributes to

A

head movement, position with gravity, eye movement and control, postural adjustments, ANS things like nausea and vomit.

91
Q

what is the lateral vestibular nuclei

A

the lateral vestibular spinal path starts here, travels down SC and goes to the trunk and limb muscles for posture and stabilization and maintaining a center of gravity.

92
Q

what is the medial vestibular nuclei

A

the medial vestibular spinal tract starts, travels to the cervical spine, and innervates the neck and head for movement control, and positions

93
Q

fibers from the medial vestibular nuclei go to the … which connect with what

A

MLF, connects with the extra- occular muscle nerves, the superior colliculi (turn the head and eyes to a noxious stimulus). CONTROLS THE VOR

94
Q

what is gaze stabilization

A

the VOR, or the ability to stabilize an image while your head is moving.

95
Q

when your head turns to the right, what happens to the R and L horizontal canals

A

the right increases the signal, an the L decreases, so we know which way we are turning.

96
Q

VOR moves the head and eyes in ___ directions, to maintain visual stability

A

opposite

97
Q

describe the path that rotary acceleration and deceleration lead to eye movement

A

the semicircular canals pick up on it, travels to vestibular nuclei, then the CN extra occular nuclei, then the eyes move.

98
Q

when you tilt you head down, what do your eyes do

A

lift up

99
Q

what kind of information goes into the vestibular nuclei

A

the vestibular, visual, proprioception, auditory, and tactile

100
Q

what are some of the regions the vestibular nuclei sends information to, and what do they control

A

the vestibular cortex (head and neck position)
eye cranial nerves (control eye movement)
superior colliculi and CN 11 (turn the head to stimuli)
cortex, SC and reticular formation (movement of the head and the body)
reticular formation (movement, and nausea, vomit, and changes in consciousness.)

101
Q

what can impairments of the perception of the body lead to

A

vertigo, head or body tilt, or decreased orientation

102
Q

what can impairments in the oculomotor system lead to

A

oscillopsia (things appear to move when they are not)
diplopia
nystagmus

103
Q

what can impairments in postural control lead to

A

ataxic gait, unsteady, lack of stability, leads to balance problems

104
Q

why is the vestibular system so important

A

big part of the postural control

105
Q

what allows the light to enter the eye, and focus and refract light

A

the cornea

106
Q

what is the dense outer white of the eye

A

sclera

107
Q

the iris is the

A

smooth muscle with the sphincter pulpilbrea.

108
Q

the iris has PNS and SNS control of the pupil. which does what

A

the PNS is the oculomotor, and it constricts, and the SNS dilates

109
Q

what is the opening at the center of the iris

A

the pupil

110
Q

in front of the lens is ___ humor and behind is

A

aqueous

vitreous

111
Q

what do the suspensory ligaments connect

A

attach the lens to the ciliary body

112
Q

what are the tunics of the eye

A

fibrous (sclera and Cornes)
vascular (choroid, ciliary, iris)
nervous (retina)

113
Q

what does the retina contain

A

the rids and cones, which pick up light

114
Q

the fovea does what

A

directs the light to the photoreceptors.

115
Q

are there more rods or cones

A

rods

116
Q

which has poor resolution and is good at night

A

rods

117
Q

which picks up on color

A

cones.

118
Q

which has more in the fovea

A

the cones.

119
Q

what has the blind spot

A

the optic disc

120
Q

where is the best acuity

A

the fovea centralis

121
Q

on the retina, the light is ___ and ____

A

inverted and reversed

122
Q

if it comes into the upper visual space, it goes to the ___ retina

A

lower

123
Q

info from the right visual space goes to the ___ hemispheres of each eye

A

left

124
Q

what indicates negative visual changes

A

scotoma/ visual field defects, lesions, dark brown, purple, white areas, absent vision.

125
Q

what are some characteristics of ischemia to the retina

A

amaurosis fugax (transient monocular blindness)
brown out
monocular loss for 10 minutes

126
Q

ipsilateral carotid artery stenosis can cause

A

retina ischemia

127
Q

what gives collateral flow in the area of the macula and occipital pole

A

the MCA and PCA

128
Q

what happens with ischemia to the LGN or the primary visual cortex

A

contralateral homonymous hemianopia

129
Q

the primary visual cortex is supplied by the

A

PCA

130
Q

the dorsal path (visual) answers what question and goes where

A

the parietal occipital and answers where. motion and spatial awareness.

131
Q

the ventral paths project to what, and answer what

A

the occipitoemp association cortex, answers what. regions, color, faces, letters, stimuli

132
Q

a pituitary gland can affect what structure

A

the optic chasm

133
Q

where do optic fibers go

A

the LGN

134
Q

if they bypass the LGN, where do they go

A

the superior colliculi, for directing visual attention towards a stimulus

Clinical Neuroscience (20 decks)

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