Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how is the orientation and planes of reference different between the midbrain and diencephalon junction

A

at this junction, there is a 90 degree bend, where the structures above the midbrain have the same structure as things like a lizard (so forwards is rostral, backwards is caudal, up is dorsal and down is ventral). below the junction, the spinal cord is perpendicular, so it changes to up being rostral, down caudal, anterior is ventral and posterior is dorsal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 5 functions of the NS

A
  1. maintain homeostasis
  2. receive sensory information/input
  3. integrate information
  4. control muscles and glands
  5. establish and maintain mental activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what two structures make up the CNS

A

the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what structures make up the PNS

A

the nerves and sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

difference between afferent and efferent

A

afferent is sensory, so it comes in and travels to the brain, and efferent is motor, so it comes from brain to effectors or muscles/glands/etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the PNS has two divisions, what are they, and what are they each about? how many neurons are a part of these paths.

A

somatic: goes to voluntary muscles. It is a single neuron

autonomic; to smooth and cardiac muscle, and it is a 2 neuron system. (CNS to ganglion to effector)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the ANS has two divisions, what are they?

A

the SNS: fight or flight

the ParaNS: rest and digest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are some responses you see with the sympathetic NS

A

increased HR, blood flow to muscles, shunt blood flow from digestive system, activate muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where does the split between CNS and PNS occur?

A

the DRG is in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the clinical differences between the CNS and PNS

A

the CNS is dermatomal and myotomal differences, whereas the PNS is going to be in a distribution pattern.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the five major branches of the brachial plexus

A 
median
radial 
ulnar
musculocutaneous 
axillary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the four major branches of the lumbosacral plexus

A

obturator
femoral
tibial
common peroneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what axons carry the fastest?

A

large and myelinated (like a alpha)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the slowest axons

A

C-fibers. unmyelinated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens at the neuromuscular junction

A

there is a motor end plate, which at rest as a mini potential of about 0.5mV. without this you have atrophy. Then you need ACh to get an action potential going.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what part of the brain is the most rostral and advanced? what is it AKA and what is its function

A

cerebrum, complex function and cognition. also know as the forebrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the two parts of the cerebrum

A

the telencephalon and the diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, eipthalmus and subthalmus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the components of the brainstem

A

midbrain (mescencephalon), pons, medalla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens in the brainstem

A

it receives sensory input, and conducts the ascending tracts to the cortex, then it is sending the motor signals out. it has all the tracts running through it. It also has the integration and control of a vegetative state, like breathing and BP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

why is damage to the brainstem life threatening

A

this is where the integration and control of vegetative functioning occurs, like respiration and BP regulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the cerebellum AKA and functions?

A

the little brain. has two hemispheres, that control eye, limb. movement, posture, balance, coordination, cognition, language, emotion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what connects the hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

the vermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the dorsal, lateral and anterior columns are in the ____ matter

A

white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where is the basal ganglia located

A

the telencephalon in the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the function of the ventricles

A

CSF, and they allow it to travel into the SC. when backed up, there can be an enlargement in the cranium known as hydrocephaly (especially if the passage between the 3rd and 4th is blocked (cerebral aqueduct)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where are the lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles housed

A

the lateral ones are in both cerebral hemispheres. the 3rd is in the diencephalon above the midbrain. and the 4th is between the medulla and the pons and the cerebellum. the pons and medulla is in front, and the cerebellum is behind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the posterior, anterior and inferior horns of the lateral ventricle called

A

posterior: occipital horn
inferior: temporal horn
anterior: frontal horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

where is the inter ventricular (Foramen of Monro) foramen found

A

between the lateral and 3rd ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what happens at the communication via the lateral apertures

A

this is the foramina of Luschka, which allows CSF to leave the ventricles (4th) and go into the subarachnoid space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the median aperture is AKA

A

the foramen of Magendie (where CSF can leave the 4th)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

which is contralateral, and which is ipsilateral? in terms of the cerebellum and cerebrum. what is the exception for the cerebral

A

cerebellum: ipsilateral
cerebral: contralateral (except the SCM, which is ipsilateral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the three meninges

A

dura, arachnoid, (CSF) and pia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

nerves are… in the PNS

A

bundles of axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

ganglia are… in the PNS

A

bundles of neuron cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

tracts are… in the CNS

A

collections of axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Nuclei are… in the CNS

A

groups of cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

a synapse is the ….

A

junction of a nerve cell and another cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how do glial cells support and protect neurons

A

supporting their structure, makes CSF, responds to inflammation and infection, makes sheaths and gives nutrients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what makes myelin in the CNS and PNS

A

CNS: oligodendricites
PNS: Schwann Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what are the nodes of Ranvier

A

they are gaps int he myelin sheaths that allow the AP to jump, via salutary conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is saltatory conduction

A

AP jumping from node to node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what do the myelin sheaths allow for

A

insulating the axons, and speeding up transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Astrocytes

A

CNS: star shaped that, part of blood brain barrier. regulates the extracellular blood fluid composition, very tight junctions to be picky about what comes in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

in CNS, line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. they secreted CSF, and helps the fluid move int he ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are microglia:

A

CNS, they are phagocytic immune cells. mobile, and they are found around microorganisms, inflammation and infection and trauma. they clean shit up

46
Q

Oligodendrocytes:

A

CNS, they make myelin around many axons (unlike Schwann cells which are around 1 axon. )

47
Q

What are the glial cells of the PNS. functions?

A

the Schwann cells (myelin around 1 axon) and the satellite cells (around the cell bodies, protects the neurons from heavy metals- in autonomic and sensory ganglia)

48
Q

how do neurons communicate

A

through synapses, which carry info from the axon terminals on one neuron to a post synaptic cell on an organ, neuron, gland, muscle.

49
Q

Steps of an AP

A
  • the AP reached the presynaptic terminal
  • Calcium channels are opened (because of the change in the voltage), and Calcium comes into the presynaptic terminal too.
  • The vesicles in the presynaptic terminal will move towards the edge, and the release site.
  • The presynaptic terminal releases NT into the cleft
  • The NT binds to the postsynaptic receptors
  • the membrane channel will change shape, allowing the ions to enter into the cell.
50
Q

what happens with postsynaptic potential? it can either be… or… which means…

A

excitatory: the cell membrane is depolarized, and Na rushes in, so the AP can continue
or inhibitory: the membrane is hyper polarized, meaning that you need a greater stimulus for an AP, so the AP is inhibited from continuing

51
Q

what is presynaptic inhibition. what kind of synapse is it

A

axoaxonic synapse. one axon will release NT into the second axon. This will then inhibit/decrease what is secreted by the vesicles (NT), and inhibits the AP

52
Q

what is presynaptic facilitation. what kind of synapse is it

A

axoaxonic. the axon releases NT into the second axon that will increase the release of NT from the presynaptic terminal, and then more will bind, so there is facilitation

53
Q

what is a neurotransmitter. types?

A

this is what is released into he synaptic cleft, either to excite or inhibit the postsynaptic cleft. both fast and slow acting, but with one lasts fractions of a second to a minute.

54
Q

what is a neuromodulator. speed? example of what it acts on?

A

releases into the extracellular space, and affects broad/multi neurons. acts at a distance away from he cleft. effects are slower, and last longer. This can be minutes to days, so this plays a role in gene expression.

55
Q

ACh is a major transmitter in the PNS. what does it do to the skeletal muscle, ANS and the brain

A

skeletal muscle: initiates a contraction
ANS: slows the heart, constricts the pull, increases GI secretions and contractions.
brain: arousal, pleasure, addiction, reward, cognitive function, memory and learning.

56
Q

what is the principle fast excitatory NT of the CNS, and how does it affect the brain

A

glutamate. its excitatory, and plays with memory and learning.

57
Q

what happens if you have too much glutamate

A

seizures, and excitotoxicity.

58
Q

What is glycine

A

at the spinal cord, inhibits

59
Q

what is GABA

A

at the CNS, it inhibits, sedation, anti anxiety and seizure, sleep inducing. PRINCIPLE INHIBITOR in CNS

60
Q

what happens when you do not have enough GABA

A

seizures and anxiety

61
Q

what are the three NT/NM that are amino acids

A

glutamate, glycine, and GABA

62
Q

what is dopamine effect on emotional system, basal ganglia, and frontal lobe

A

emotional: feeling of wanting a reward, so without dopamine depression.
basal ganglia: control of movement, attention, decision making, goal directed behavior
frontal lobe: thinking and planning

63
Q

what is the effect of too much dopamine? not enough?

A

too much: schizophrenia

not enough: depression, parkinsons, ADHD

64
Q

how are Parkinson’s and dopamine related:

A

Parkinson’s, there is a loss of dopamine receptor in the substance nigra of the midbrain.

65
Q

what affects do cocaine and amphetamines have on dopamine

A

it prolongs the dopamine in the brain, so there is hyperactivity and euphoria.

66
Q

What is NE, and how does it affect adrenal glad (SNS) and emotional system and cerebral cortex

A

SNS/adrenal: increased HR and force, dilation of bronchioles, inhibition of peristalsis
emotional system/ cerebral cortex: controls moot and increased attention to sensory

67
Q

what happens when you have too much NE

A

fear and panic

68
Q

what is the effect of serotonin on the CNS

A

regulates sleep, appetite, arousal and mood

69
Q

what happens with low and high levels of serotonin

A

low: depression and suicide
high: OCD and schizophrenia

70
Q

where does histamine affect? what part of the brain? and what does it cause at the brain

A

at the brain: regulates wakefulness and attention. in hypothalamus

71
Q

what happens with anti-histamines

A

drowsy

72
Q

what are the amine NT/NM

A

serotonin, dopamine, histamine, and NE

73
Q

what are the peptide NT/NM

A

endogenous opioid peptides, substance P, and Calcitonin gene related peptide.

74
Q

what is the effect of endogenous opioid peptides

A

inhibit CNS reception of pain signals. it inhibits nocioceptive signals. also gives you the runners high

75
Q

what is the effect of substance P

A

signals tissue damage. NM, involves perception of normally innocuous stimuli as pain.

76
Q

what is the effect of calcitonin gene related peptide

A

long term neural changes in migraine HA’s

77
Q

tracts (bundles of axons in the CNS) are AKA

A

columns, fascicles, and lemniscus

78
Q

somatosensory pathways are named for the origin and termination of the ____ neuron in the tract. give an example

A

second

spinothalamic. Starts in the spinal cord, and synapses in the thalamus

79
Q

in somatosensory peripheral neurons, there are two axons…

A

the first, distal axon: from the receptor to the cell body and the second, the proximal one, from the cell body to the spinal cord or brainstem

80
Q

in a somatosensory three neuron pathway, describe the locations of the first, second and third order neuron

A

first: receptor to spinal cord
second: cord to the brainstem or thalamus
third: thalamus or brainstem to the cortex.

81
Q

what is the concept of fidelity

A

the degree of exactness. so there are lots of details about size, location, and intensity. it is very discriminative, and has little distraction. So spot on.

82
Q

describe low fidelity

A

aching and slow pain that is lard to localize.

83
Q

what is somatotopic organization

A

axons that send signals from the thumb are close to those of the hand and fingers. the homunculus

84
Q

what is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

the post-central gyrus on the parietal lobe

85
Q

decrease the homunculus

A

the lower body is not he top, most medial, and as you move inferior and lateral, you get to the upper body and head and face. the bigger the parts, the more receptors and higher the fidelity.

86
Q

what do mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and thermoreceptors respond to

A

mech: stretch, touch pressure, and vibration
chemo: substances
thermo: heat and temp changes.

87
Q

what do nociceptors do

A

they pick up noxious, or tissue damage. Either actual or perceived. they lead to pain.

88
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

mechanoreceptors to vibration and pressure, like an insect, really small

89
Q

Meissner corpuscle

A

light tough

90
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

stretch

91
Q

Merkel cells

A

light touch

92
Q

Free nerve endings

A

nociceptors.

93
Q

Hair follicle receptors

A

light touch, movement of hair. Sensitive

94
Q

Krause End Bulbs

A

touch, vibration and movement, but not as much

95
Q

difference between tonic and phasic. which is fast and which is slow adapting

A

tonic: fires for the duration of the stimulus SLOW ADAPTING
phasic: constant stimulus, and stops firing while stimulus is present. So like you wear clothes, but you stop registering them and they are meaningless. fast adapting

96
Q

how do receptive fields change proximally vs distally

A

proximally, larger, less accurate

distally, smaller, more accurate

97
Q

why is there two int discrimination in the fingers

A

more receptors and a smaller receptor field.

98
Q

why do larger diameter transmit faster

A

less resistance, and more myelination

99
Q

what are muscle spindles

A

sensory organs int he muscle, have fibers, sensory ending, and motor endings. they are fusiform in shape.

100
Q

what are extrafusal and intrafusal spindles

A

extra: skeletal muscle fibers outside of the spindle
intra: fibers inside.

101
Q

what do muscle spindles respond to

A

stretch

102
Q

in muscles spindles, what do the Type Ia and II afferents register

A

Type Ia: quick tonic stretch of spindle

Type II: monitor tonic stretch

103
Q

what are the Golgi tendon organs

A

relay tension in the tendons. sensitive to small changes, ad woven into collagen.

104
Q

TF: GTO’s respond to both passive and active stretch

A

true

105
Q

what do joint receptors do

A

respond to deformation f the joint capsule and ligaments

106
Q

what are paciniform corpuscles

A

respond to movement of A beta fibers,

107
Q

what are ruffian’s endings

A

respond to extremes of joint range, and more passive movement,

108
Q

what are the Type II afferent joint receptors

A

paciniform corpuscles and Ruffini ending

109
Q

what are ligament receptors (type)

A

type Ib and they signal tension

110
Q

what are free nerve endings? (type)

A

stimulated by inflammation and type III (a delta) and IV (C. fibers)

Clinical Neuroscience (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions