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Clinical Neuroscience > Exam 1 Week 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the ANS

A

to regulate homeostasis of circulation, respiration, digestion, metabolism, secretions, body temperature and reproduction

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2
Q

where do the afferents of the ANS come from

A

viscera

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3
Q

where do the efferents of the ANS go to

A

glands, organs, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

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4
Q

efferents from the ANS go in one of two paths

A

sympathetic or parasympathetic

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5
Q

where are the mechanoreceptors for the ANS located

A

pressure: baroreceptors in the aorta, carotid sinus and the lungs.
stretch: in the veins, bladder and intestines.

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6
Q

where are the ANS chemoreceptors

A

in the carotid and aortic bodies (O2), medulla (H ions and CO2), hypothalamus (blood glucose and electrolytes), taste buds and olfactory bulbs

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7
Q

where are the ANS nociceptors

A

in the viscera (stretch and ischemia) and arterial walls (chemicals)

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8
Q

where are the ANS thermoreceptors

A

hypothalamus: blood temp
cutaneous: external temp

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9
Q

afferent pathways, in the ANS, go one of two ways. what are those

A

the spinal cord through the dorsal root or the brainstem through the cranial nerves (7,9,10 taste and visceral)

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10
Q

cranial nerves send visceral information to the main visceral sensory nucleus which is the…? from here, it sends info to the…

A

solitary nucleus

pons, medulla, hypothalamus, thalamus and limbic system

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11
Q

visceral afferents synapse with the

A

visceral efferents (autonomic reflex) and neurons that ascend to the brainstem, hypothalamus and thalamus

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12
Q

visceral nocioceptive afferents connect with

A

somatosensory nocioceptive tract neurons (referred pain) and somatic efferents (muscle guarding)

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13
Q

autonomic neurons secrete three things… are they cholinergic or adrenergic

A

ACh (cholinergic)
NE (adrenergic)
Epi (adrenergic)

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14
Q

what does the medulla control

A

HR, respiration and vasoconstriction/dilation

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15
Q

what do the pons regulate

A

respiration

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16
Q

what does the hypothalamus modulate

A

regulates homeostasis and internal equilibrium, affects HR, RR, metabolism, water balance, digestion and body temperature

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17
Q

what does the thalamus regulate?

A

it projects signals to the limbic system

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18
Q

what does the limbic system modulate

A

emotions, mood, motivation. it will include autonomic responses, like when your anxious, your HR increases too.

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19
Q

efferent pathways in the ANS are 2-neuron pathways… what does this mean

A

preganglionic and postganglionic

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20
Q

what are muscarinic receptors?

A

CHOLINERGIC when ACh binds, the G-protein mediated response is initiates, and there is either an excitatory or inhibitory effect to regulate glands, smooth muscle and the heart

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21
Q

What are nicotinic receptors

A

CHOLINERGIC. when ACh binds, fast induction of excitatory postsynaptic potential.

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22
Q

when nicotine binds, what is increased

A

task performance and attention

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23
Q

what are the two cholinergic receptors

A

muscarinic and nicotinic

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24
Q

what are the three adrenergic receptors/neurons

A

Norepinephrine, adrenal medulla, and anything that binds NE and epi.

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25
Q

Norepinephrine is released by most…

A

sympathetic postganglionic neurons

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26
Q

The adrenal medulla will release Epi and NE directly into… what?

A

the blood

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27
Q

what is the function of an adrenergic receptors

A

bind NE and epi and have alpha and beta groups, with their own subtypes.

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28
Q

where are adrenergic receptors most abundant/distributed, and also distributed?

A

peripheral smooth muscle, and also in the heart and lungs.

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29
Q

what kind of adrenergic receptors are in the heart? what do they do

A

Beta-1.

increase HR and contractility.

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30
Q

what kind of adrenergic receptors are in the bronchial smooth muscle? what do they do

A

mainly Beta-2.

bronchial tree dilation, so it opens the airways

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31
Q

what kind of adrenergic receptors are in the skeletal muscle arterial walls? what do they do

A

alpha.

NE binds= vasoconstriction. Regulates BP

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32
Q

what is the general affect of Beta 1 and 2 adrenergic receptors on the body

A

increased HR and contractility, and bronchodilation

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33
Q

what is the general effect of alpha adrenergic receptors on the body

A

vasoconstrictor the arterial walls of smooth muscle, when NE binds, so it can help alter BP

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34
Q

describe the effects of the following drug blockers
alpha
B1

agonist:
B2

List some medical conditions with these.

A

alpha: blocks NE from binding, so no vasoconstriction, more like vasodilation, which will decrease BP

B1: when they are blocked, the HR and contractility will decrease (HBP, arrhythmia, MI.)

B2 AGONIST: will prevent the airways rom closing, due to the bronchodilation abilities. (asthma and COPD)

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35
Q

what are (9) functions of the sympathetic nervous system

A 
**maintain optimal blood flow to organs. 
fight or flight response
pupil dilation 
bronchodilation 
cardiac acceleration (HR and blood flow)
digestion is inhibited 
piloerection
glucose release is stimulated
systematic vasoconstriction to control and regulate BP
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36
Q

body temperature is regulated in two way… how?

A

epi: when the adrenal medulla releases this, the byproduct is heat

sympathetics can control blood vessel diameter, sweat glands secretion and also piloerection.

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37
Q

what are the (10) PNS functions

A 
**energy conservation and storage
rest and digest
pupil contraction (CN 3)
bronchoconstriction (CN 10)
decreased HR (CN 10) 
digestion is stimulates 
salivation (CN 7 and 9)
lacrimation (CN 7)
intestinal vasodilation 
sacral efferents, bowel and bladder emptying and erection
38
Q

the sympathetic nervous systems targets what structures

A

fight or flight

muscles and structures in the body wall and cavities

39
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system target?

A

structures in the body cavity, head, and sex organs

40
Q

where are the pre and post ganglionic cell bodies found in the sympathetic NS

A

pre: in the lateral grey matter of the thoracolumbar vertebrate
post: in the sympathetic chain, or in the collateral ganglion

41
Q

where are the preganglionic cell bodies and the postganglionic in parasympathetic

A

pre: CNs 3,7,9,10 and in pelvic splanchnic nerves
post: terminal ganglia

42
Q

the sympathetic chain is what kind of ganglion

A

paravertebral

43
Q

what are all preganglionic receptors, in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

cholinergic, (ACh)

44
Q

what are all postganglionic receptors, in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

sympathetic: adrenergic (NE and epi)
para: cholinergic (ACh)

45
Q

what is feed forward, and an example

A

anticipatory use of sensory information, like knowing the pavement is icy, so you change how you walk in preparation

46
Q

what is feedback,

A

use of sensory information gathering during and after a movement, used to make corrections

47
Q

what happens to somatosensation and proprioception when vision is lost

A

they both have to increase their activity

48
Q

what is deafferentation

A

disrupts the position of the limbs, absence of movement.

49
Q

describe what happens in the motor system

A

you make a decision in the anterior frontal lobe, and you start using your motor planning areas to activate the circuits you need (in the cerebellum and the basal ganglia).
then you send UMN from the brain and spinal interneurons to the LMN
and the LMN will go to the skeletal muscles

50
Q

what is tone

A

the resistance to passive stretch

51
Q

what is normal tone

A

we should have some resistance

52
Q

what is the absence of tone

A

flaccidity

53
Q

what is lower then normal tone and excessive tone

A

hypotonia and hypertonia

54
Q

what is spasticity

A

the resistance to passive stretch that occurs with velocity. excessive movement, that is detected with moving the muscle quickly

55
Q

spasticity is a result of damage to the CNS/PNS

A

CNS

56
Q

is volitional movement a passive movement

A

no

57
Q

what is the difference between an upper and lower motor neuron

A

upper: neuron that begins int he cortex, and terminates in another part of the brain or the spinal cord.
lower: begins in spinal cord and terminates in skeletal muscle

58
Q

what does an UMN lesion look like

A

spasticity and exaggerated reflexes clonus

59
Q

what does a LMN lesion look like

A

weakness, muscle fasciculation and atrophy

60
Q

where are the LMN cell bodies located

A

in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

61
Q

there are pools of LMN in the ventral horns. what muscles are in what pools? anterior, posterior, medial and lateral

A

medial: axial and proximal muscles
lateral: distal muscles
anterior: extensors
posterior: flexors

62
Q

what is a motor unit

A

one alpha neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

63
Q

what are alpha motor neurons, compared to gamma motor neurons

A

alpha: large cel bodies and myelinated axons, that project to extrafusal muscle, and release enough ACh that all of the muscle fiber it innervates can contract

Gamma: medium sized axons with myelin. go to intrafusal fibers, and when it contracts, keeps the muscle taut and stretched, so that the spindles can be ready to detect changes in that stretch

64
Q

if there are fewer muscle fibers per neuron, what does that mean for precision and control

A

it is very fine

65
Q

give examples of muscles that are fast and slow twitch

A

fast: phasic contractions, like the GN
slow: postural muscles, like the soleus

66
Q

does the C1 nerve root come out above or below the vertebrate

A

above

67
Q

at what level does the spinal cord end

A

L1-2

68
Q

what does the spinal cord end in, and what come after

A

conus medlars, cona equina and filum terminale

69
Q

spinal cord blood supply comes from

A

1 anterior spinal artery and 2 posterior spinal arteries

70
Q

what does the anterior spinal artery supply

A

the anterior 2/3 of the cord

71
Q

the spinal branches give off what arteries

A

the reticular arteries and then the anterior and posterior give off medullary arteries

72
Q

what is the venous drainage of the spinal cord

A

there are anterior and posterior longitudinal sinuses that collect from the body and around the segment

73
Q

in what space are the spinal veins for drainage located

A

epidural

74
Q

what happens if you have decreased fluid volume in the epidural space

A

headaches

75
Q

which side has that indented commissure, the anterior or posterior

A

anterior

76
Q

TF: as you ascend in the spinal cord towards the brainstem, you get more white matter

A

true, this is because of all of the ascending and descending tracts.

77
Q

do spinal reflexes need the brain

A

no

78
Q

what is the purpose of the jendrasik maneuver

A

this goes to the brain. increases the reflex stimulus.

79
Q

what info so the reflexes provide

A

info about the peripheral and spinal circuits

80
Q

what is a phasic reflex. describe the path

A

brief, like a DTR.

Ia afferent, goes to cord, synapses, then alpha motor neuron out. So it is a monosynaptic reflex

81
Q

what is a tonic reflex, and when is it present

A

present with a UMN lesion because the reflex remains as long as the stimulus is present

82
Q

describe the path of a tonic reflex

A

Ia and II afferents to the cord, which get multiple interneurons, which goes back to the LMN.

83
Q

why, in an undamaged NS, does a sustained stretch not elicit reflexive contraction

A

presynaptic inhibition

84
Q

with SCI, the loss of presynaptic inhibition leads to what

A

sustained firing of spindle endings, and therefore contraction

85
Q

what is the withdraw reflex

A

cutaneous, noxious stimuli, so you pull your foot away from that stimulus..

86
Q

how can arousal levels impact reflexes

A

relaxed, reflex is minor, anxious reflex is more.

87
Q

what is reciprocal inhibition

A

you inhabit the antagonist, while the agonists contracts

88
Q

what is muscle synergists

A

coordinated muscle actions, communications among muscles to get a task done, like hand to mouth

89
Q

what do Golgi tendon organs do

A

tension in tendons, and goes to spinal cord by type Ib afferents.

90
Q

give an example of how GTOs are involved with stance and swing phase

A

stance: GTO signals LMN, and extensors contract

Swing: GTO tension is less, so LMN inhibits extensors

91
Q

what are central pattern generators

A

interneurons that activate alternating flexion and extension in the knees, required for locomotion and moving the limbs.

Clinical Neuroscience (20 decks)

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