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ntr 401 > exam 2 - water and minerals > Flashcards

exam 2 - water and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

how does water act as a solvent

A

helps dissolve minerals, making them more available to cells

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2
Q

how does water act to regulate body temperature

A

water absorbs excess heat

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3
Q

body secretes fluid via …

A

perspiration

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4
Q

skin is cool as …

A

perspiration evaporates

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5
Q

how does water act to remove body waste

A

urine, urea secretion

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6
Q

water functions as a component to amniotic fluid and joint lubrication (T/F)

A

true

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7
Q

what causes water toxicity

A

too much water without sufficient electrolytes

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8
Q

what does sweating (losing electrolytes but only replenishing body with water) cause

A

hyponatremia

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9
Q

what is hyponatremia

A

low blood sodium levels

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10
Q

what are the symptoms of water toxicity

A

headaches, blurred vision, cramps, convulsions, death

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11
Q

major minerals require (mg)…

A

more than 100 mg per day

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12
Q

what are the major minerals

A

calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium

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13
Q

trace minerals require (mg)…

A

less than 100 mg per day

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14
Q

what are the trace minerals

A

iron, zinc, copper

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15
Q

what is table salt (NaCl)

A

40 % sodium, 60% chloride

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16
Q

where is sodium absorbed

A

stomach, small intestine, and colon

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17
Q

where is excretion of sodium regulated

A

kidneys

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18
Q

what is important for sodium to retain body water

A

sodium acts as positive ion in extracellular fluid

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19
Q

what are the main functions of sodium

A

muscle contraction, conduction of nerve impulses, helps in absorption of glucose and some amino acids

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20
Q

what are food sources of sodium

A

10% from unprocessed foods, added during processing, added at the table (when eating)

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21
Q

what is the minimum requirement of sodium per day

A

500 mg

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22
Q

what is the daily value of sodium

A

less than 2300 mg per day

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23
Q

what is the typical intake of sodium

A

4000 - 7000 mg per day

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24
Q

anyone over 51 years of age, african americans, and those who have hypertension should consume …. mg of sodium daily

A

1500 mg per day

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25
Q

what are deficiency signs of sodium

A

persistent vomiting/diarrhea and excessive perspiration

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26
Q

reducing sodium intake can …

A

reduce blood pressure in hypertensive individuals

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27
Q

potassium acts as a positive ion in ..

A

intracellular fluid

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28
Q

potassium is associated with …

A

lowering blood pressure

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29
Q

potassium is regulated by ..

A

aldosterone in the kidneys

30
Q

what is aldosterone

A

hormone made in the adrenal glands

31
Q

where is potassium absorbed

A

small and large intestine

32
Q

what are the functions of potassium

A

fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, promotes excretion of sodium

33
Q

what does the renin-angiotensin system do

A

regulates blood pressure and blood volume

34
Q

what are food sources of potassium

A

fruits and vegetables, milk, grains

35
Q

what is the daily value of potassium

A

3500 mg per day

36
Q

what is the typical intake of potassium

A

2000 - 3000 mg per day

37
Q

where is excess potassium excreted

A

kidneys

38
Q

what are symptoms of potassium deficiency

A

loss of appetite, muscle cramps, confusion

39
Q

poor kidney function may lead to …

A

high blood potassium

40
Q

high blood potassium …

A

inhibits heart function

41
Q

what percent of calcium is in bone and teeth

A

99%

42
Q

what percent of calcium makes up all of the minerals present in the body

A

40%

43
Q

what kind of environment does calcium absorption require

A

slight acidic environment

44
Q

where is calcium absorbed

A

in the upper more acidic portion of small intestine

45
Q

availability of vitamin d enhances absorption of..

A

calcium

46
Q

blood calcium level is maintained at the price of…

A

bone calcium

47
Q

what hormone increases blood calcium

A

parathyroid hormone

48
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone increase

A

increases calcium release from bone

49
Q

calcium functions to form ..

A

blood clots

50
Q

how does calcium function to form blood clots

A

converts prothrombin to thrombin

51
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

build bone (support structure)

52
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

break down bone

53
Q

what age range is peak bone mass reached

A

20-30 years old

54
Q

theres a significant loss of bone mass at..

A

menopause

55
Q

building higher bone mass improves…

A

ability to preform weight-bearing activities

56
Q

what are food sources of calcium

A

dairy, kale, collard, mustard greens, calcium fortified foods

57
Q

upper level intake of calcium is

A

2500 mg per day

58
Q

what is hypercalcemia

A

calcification of tissue

59
Q

what is a calcium deficiency

A

osteoporosis

60
Q

how is osteoporosis detected

A

dexa

61
Q

what is the treatment for osteoporosis

A

medications that inhibit osteoclast activity

62
Q

what does high blood pressure increase the risk of

A

strokes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease

63
Q

blood pressure =

A

systolic/diastolic

64
Q

what is normal blood pressure

A

120/80

65
Q

what is elevated blood pressure

A

120-129/80

66
Q

what is the stage 1 hypertension blood pressure level

A

130-139/80-89

67
Q

what is the stage 2 hypertension blood pressure level

A

> 140/90

68
Q

what are risk factors of hyper tension

A

atherosclerosis, obesity, excess alcohol, sodium, low potassium intake

69
Q

what are treatment methods for hypertension

A

weight loss, activity, DASH diet

70
Q

what is the dash diet

A

dietary approaches to stop hypertension

71
Q

what is included in the dash diet

A

high calcium & potassium rich foods, low sodium, low fat, rich in fruits and vegetables, 1-2 alcoholic drinks per week

ntr 401 (9 decks)

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