exam 2 - water and minerals

Question 1

how does water act as a solvent

Answer 1

helps dissolve minerals, making them more available to cells

Question 2

how does water act to regulate body temperature

Answer 2

water absorbs excess heat

Question 3

body secretes fluid via …

Answer 3

perspiration

Question 4

skin is cool as …

Answer 4

perspiration evaporates

Question 5

how does water act to remove body waste

Answer 5

urine, urea secretion

Question 6

water functions as a component to amniotic fluid and joint lubrication (T/F)

Answer 6

true

Question 7

what causes water toxicity

Answer 7

too much water without sufficient electrolytes

Question 8

what does sweating (losing electrolytes but only replenishing body with water) cause

Answer 8

hyponatremia

Question 9

what is hyponatremia

Answer 9

low blood sodium levels

Question 10

what are the symptoms of water toxicity

Answer 10

headaches, blurred vision, cramps, convulsions, death

Question 11

major minerals require (mg)…

Answer 11

more than 100 mg per day

Question 12

what are the major minerals

Answer 12

calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium

Question 13

trace minerals require (mg)…

Answer 13

less than 100 mg per day

Question 14

what are the trace minerals

Answer 14

iron, zinc, copper

Question 15

what is table salt (NaCl)

Answer 15

40 % sodium, 60% chloride

Question 16

where is sodium absorbed

Answer 16

stomach, small intestine, and colon

Question 17

where is excretion of sodium regulated

Answer 17

kidneys

Question 18

what is important for sodium to retain body water

Answer 18

sodium acts as positive ion in extracellular fluid

Question 19

what are the main functions of sodium

Answer 19

muscle contraction, conduction of nerve impulses, helps in absorption of glucose and some amino acids

Question 20

what are food sources of sodium

Answer 20

10% from unprocessed foods, added during processing, added at the table (when eating)

Question 21

what is the minimum requirement of sodium per day

Answer 21

500 mg

Question 22

what is the daily value of sodium

Answer 22

less than 2300 mg per day

Question 23

what is the typical intake of sodium

Answer 23

4000 - 7000 mg per day

Question 24

anyone over 51 years of age, african americans, and those who have hypertension should consume …. mg of sodium daily

Answer 24

1500 mg per day

Question 25

what are deficiency signs of sodium

Answer 25

persistent vomiting/diarrhea and excessive perspiration

Question 26

reducing sodium intake can ...

Answer 26

reduce blood pressure in hypertensive individuals

Question 27

potassium acts as a positive ion in ..

Answer 27

intracellular fluid

Question 28

potassium is associated with ...

Answer 28

lowering blood pressure

Question 29

potassium is regulated by ..

Answer 29

aldosterone in the kidneys

Question 30

what is aldosterone

Answer 30

hormone made in the adrenal glands

Question 31

where is potassium absorbed

Answer 31

small and large intestine

Question 32

what are the functions of potassium

Answer 32

fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, promotes excretion of sodium

Question 33

what does the renin-angiotensin system do

Answer 33

regulates blood pressure and blood volume

Question 34

what are food sources of potassium

Answer 34

fruits and vegetables, milk, grains

Question 35

what is the daily value of potassium

Answer 35

3500 mg per day

Question 36

what is the typical intake of potassium

Answer 36

2000 - 3000 mg per day

Question 37

where is excess potassium excreted

Answer 37

kidneys

Question 38

what are symptoms of potassium deficiency

Answer 38

loss of appetite, muscle cramps, confusion

Question 39

poor kidney function may lead to ...

Answer 39

high blood potassium

Question 40

high blood potassium ...

Answer 40

inhibits heart function

Question 41

what percent of calcium is in bone and teeth

Answer 41

99%

Question 42

what percent of calcium makes up all of the minerals present in the body

Answer 42

40%

Question 43

what kind of environment does calcium absorption require

Answer 43

slight acidic environment

Question 44

where is calcium absorbed

Answer 44

in the upper more acidic portion of small intestine

Question 45

availability of vitamin d enhances absorption of..

Answer 45

calcium

Question 46

blood calcium level is maintained at the price of...

Answer 46

bone calcium

Question 47

what hormone increases blood calcium

Answer 47

parathyroid hormone

Question 48

what does the parathyroid hormone increase

Answer 48

increases calcium release from bone

Question 49

calcium functions to form ..

Answer 49

blood clots

Question 50

how does calcium function to form blood clots

Answer 50

converts prothrombin to thrombin

Question 51

what are osteoblasts

Answer 51

build bone (support structure)

Question 52

what are osteoclasts

Answer 52

break down bone

Question 53

what age range is peak bone mass reached

Answer 53

20-30 years old

Question 54

theres a significant loss of bone mass at..

Answer 54

menopause

Question 55

building higher bone mass improves...

Answer 55

ability to preform weight-bearing activities

Question 56

what are food sources of calcium

Answer 56

dairy, kale, collard, mustard greens, calcium fortified foods

Question 57

upper level intake of calcium is

Answer 57

2500 mg per day

Question 58

what is hypercalcemia

Answer 58

calcification of tissue

Question 59

what is a calcium deficiency

Answer 59

osteoporosis

Question 60

how is osteoporosis detected

Answer 60

dexa

Question 61

what is the treatment for osteoporosis

Answer 61

medications that inhibit osteoclast activity

Question 62

what does high blood pressure increase the risk of

Answer 62

strokes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease

Question 63

blood pressure =

Answer 63

systolic/diastolic

Question 64

what is normal blood pressure

Answer 64

120/80

Question 65

what is elevated blood pressure

Answer 65

120-129/80

Question 66

what is the stage 1 hypertension blood pressure level

Answer 66

130-139/80-89

Question 67

what is the stage 2 hypertension blood pressure level

Answer 67

>140/90

Question 68

what are risk factors of hyper tension

Answer 68

atherosclerosis, obesity, excess alcohol, sodium, low potassium intake

Question 69

what are treatment methods for hypertension

Answer 69

weight loss, activity, DASH diet

Question 70

what is the dash diet

Answer 70

dietary approaches to stop hypertension

Question 71

what is included in the dash diet

Answer 71

high calcium & potassium rich foods, low sodium, low fat, rich in fruits and vegetables, 1-2 alcoholic drinks per week