exam 2 - alcohol Flashcards
1
Q
what is beer made from
A
wheat
2
Q
what is wine made from
A
grapes
3
Q
what is rum made from
A
sugar cane
4
Q
what is vodka made from
A
potato
5
Q
what is brandy made from
A
apples
6
Q
what is scotch made from
A
barley
7
Q
what is sake made from
A
rice
8
Q
what is tequila made from
A
agave
9
Q
what is bourbon made from
A
corn
10
Q
alcohol requires …
A
no digestion
11
Q
alcohol digestion is through…
A
simple diffusion
12
Q
where does simple diffusion occur
A
stomach and duodenum
13
Q
what does alcohol digestion depend on
A
rate of stomach emptying, intake of certain drugs, and type of beverage consumed
14
Q
where is alcohol distributed in the body
A
wherever water is found
15
Q
alcohol moves easily through which part of the the cell
A
cell membrane
16
Q
what can alcohol do to cells
A
damage cell membranes (and liver cells)
17
Q
if alcohol cannot be stored, what must happen
A
must be metabolized and takes precedence over other energy sources
18
Q
where is the majority of ethanol metabolized
A
liver
19
Q
where is remaining ethanol metabolized if not in the liver
A
stomach cells
20
Q
where does the ADH pathway take place
A
cytosol; produces energy
21
Q
what does alcohol dehydrogenase do
A
converts ethanol to acetaldehyde
22
Q
acetaldehyde has toxic effects on the liver (T/F)
A
true
23
Q
what does aldehyde dehydrogenase do
A
converts acetaldehyde to acetyl-coA
24
Q
individuals of what descent have low activity of aldehyde dehyrdogenase
A
asian
25
what does a build up of acetaldehyde cause (symptoms)
flushing, dizziness, nausea, and headache
26
what pathway does ethanol take when there its intake is high
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
27
where does MEOS microsomal ethanol oxidizing system take place?
cytosol of liver cells
28
what does the MEOS pathway do to the body
reduces ability to detoxify drugs
29
the MEOS pathways uses energy (T/F)
true
30
what kind of tolerance does the MEOS pathway influence
increased alcohol tolerance
31
what can MEOS potentially lead to
drug overdose
32
what does MEOS use that leads to weight loss
ATP
33
what os the fate of acetyl - coA
carbon dioxide, water, fatty acid, and glucose
34
where is acetyl - coA often stored
abdominal cavity
35
what is the recommended intake of alcohol for men
1 - 2 drinks per day
36
what is the recommended intake of alcohol for women
1 drink per day
37
studies have shown that 1 drink per day can decrease what kind of cancer
breast cancer
38
what is a serving of beer or wine cooler
12 oz. (5% alcohol content)
39
what is a serving of wine
5 oz.
40
what is a serving of 80 proof distilled spirits
1.5 oz.
41
what factors influence alcohol intake
age, gender, genetics, health status
42
what is defined as heavy drinking for women
8 or more drinks per week
43
what is defined as heavy drinking for men
15 or more drinks per week
44
what contributes to the leading cause of death in the US?
alcohol abuse
45
when alcohol is combined with tobacco,what type of cancers are at a higher risk
esophageal and oral cancer
46
what risks does alcohol abuse carry
CVD, nutritional deficiencies, fetal damage, obesity, osteoporosis, brain damage, impotence, sleep disturbance, etc.
47
what effect does alcohol have on caloric intake
influences excessive calorie intake
48
empty calories =
limited nutrients
49
1 gram of alcohol = ? calories
7 calories
50
what percentage of alcohol contributes to US calories
3%
51
heavy drinkers consume alcohol instead of food (T/F)
true
52
what is cirrhosis
fatty infiltration of the liver
53
what is cirrhosis a response to
increased synthesis of fat from accelerated acetyl-coA production
54
what do enlarged fat cells prevent in cirrhosis
nutrient and oxygen supply to liver cells
55
what fat cells become engorged (swell) ...
they burst and die
56
cirrhosis causes a ?% death within ? years
50%; 4 year
57
what is the second leading cause of liver transplant
cirrhosis
58
what causes liver damage
build up of acetaldehyde
59
what does a production of free radicals from alcohol metabolism cause
liver damage
60
what doe free radicals do to cell membranes and DNA
cause damage
61
what does alcohol inhibit (in terms of free radicals)
body's natural defenses against free radicals
62
advanced stages of liver damage are ?
not reversible
63
what does thiamin deficiency cause
polyneuropathy and wernicke-kersakoff syndrome
64
what does wernicke-kersakoff syndrome cause
paralysis of eye muscles, loss of sensation in lower extremities, and memory loss
65
what effects does alcohol have on niacin deficiency
uses large amounts of NAD and NADP (both found in niacin) during its metabolism
66
what effects does alcohol have on vitamin D
decreases activation of vitamin D when liver is damaged
67
lack of vitamin D due to alcohol consumption has what effect on bones
may cause bone dysfunction and reduces bone formation
68
what is pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
69
what causes pancreatitis
chronic high alcohol consumption
70
what effect does pancreatitis have on digestion
decreases digestion enzymes production which causes poor digestion and absorption
71
what effects does pancreatitis have on insulin
limited insulin production; difficulty regulating blood glucose
72
what is fetal alcohol syndrome
when alcohol reaches the fetus and the fetus is unable to metabolize it
73
what effect does fetal alcohol syndrome have on a fetus
deprives brain of oxygen and nutrients (alcohol displaces nutrients)
74
what does fetal alcohol syndrome cause
physical deformities and retardation
75
what is the best advice to reduce the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome
abstinence from alcohol
76
what age group/time frame is binge drinking most common
college students
77
what classifies binge drinking in women
4 or more drinks within two hours
78
what classifies binge drinking in men
more than 5 drinks within two hours
79
what does binge drinking cause
acute alcohol intoxication
80
what are some signs of alcohol poisoning
semi/unconsciousness, slow respiration (less than 8 breaths per mins), cold/clammy/pale/bluish skin, strong odor of alcohol
81
what are the main functions of the liver
production of bile, production of cholesterol and special proteins to carry fats through the body, and production of certain proteins for blood plasma
