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ntr 401 > exam 2 - alcohol > Flashcards

exam 2 - alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

what is beer made from

A

wheat

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2
Q

what is wine made from

A

grapes

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3
Q

what is rum made from

A

sugar cane

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4
Q

what is vodka made from

A

potato

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5
Q

what is brandy made from

A

apples

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6
Q

what is scotch made from

A

barley

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7
Q

what is sake made from

A

rice

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8
Q

what is tequila made from

A

agave

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9
Q

what is bourbon made from

A

corn

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10
Q

alcohol requires …

A

no digestion

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11
Q

alcohol digestion is through…

A

simple diffusion

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12
Q

where does simple diffusion occur

A

stomach and duodenum

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13
Q

what does alcohol digestion depend on

A

rate of stomach emptying, intake of certain drugs, and type of beverage consumed

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14
Q

where is alcohol distributed in the body

A

wherever water is found

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15
Q

alcohol moves easily through which part of the the cell

A

cell membrane

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16
Q

what can alcohol do to cells

A

damage cell membranes (and liver cells)

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17
Q

if alcohol cannot be stored, what must happen

A

must be metabolized and takes precedence over other energy sources

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18
Q

where is the majority of ethanol metabolized

A

liver

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19
Q

where is remaining ethanol metabolized if not in the liver

A

stomach cells

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20
Q

where does the ADH pathway take place

A

cytosol; produces energy

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21
Q

what does alcohol dehydrogenase do

A

converts ethanol to acetaldehyde

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22
Q

acetaldehyde has toxic effects on the liver (T/F)

A

true

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23
Q

what does aldehyde dehydrogenase do

A

converts acetaldehyde to acetyl-coA

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24
Q

individuals of what descent have low activity of aldehyde dehyrdogenase

A

asian

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25
Q

what does a build up of acetaldehyde cause (symptoms)

A

flushing, dizziness, nausea, and headache

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26
Q

what pathway does ethanol take when there its intake is high

A

microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)

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27
Q

where does MEOS microsomal ethanol oxidizing system take place?

A

cytosol of liver cells

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28
Q

what does the MEOS pathway do to the body

A

reduces ability to detoxify drugs

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29
Q

the MEOS pathways uses energy (T/F)

A

true

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30
Q

what kind of tolerance does the MEOS pathway influence

A

increased alcohol tolerance

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31
Q

what can MEOS potentially lead to

A

drug overdose

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32
Q

what does MEOS use that leads to weight loss

A

ATP

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33
Q

what os the fate of acetyl - coA

A

carbon dioxide, water, fatty acid, and glucose

34
Q

where is acetyl - coA often stored

A

abdominal cavity

35
Q

what is the recommended intake of alcohol for men

A

1 - 2 drinks per day

36
Q

what is the recommended intake of alcohol for women

A

1 drink per day

37
Q

studies have shown that 1 drink per day can decrease what kind of cancer

A

breast cancer

38
Q

what is a serving of beer or wine cooler

A

12 oz. (5% alcohol content)

39
Q

what is a serving of wine

A

5 oz.

40
Q

what is a serving of 80 proof distilled spirits

A

1.5 oz.

41
Q

what factors influence alcohol intake

A

age, gender, genetics, health status

42
Q

what is defined as heavy drinking for women

A

8 or more drinks per week

43
Q

what is defined as heavy drinking for men

A

15 or more drinks per week

44
Q

what contributes to the leading cause of death in the US?

A

alcohol abuse

45
Q

when alcohol is combined with tobacco,what type of cancers are at a higher risk

A

esophageal and oral cancer

46
Q

what risks does alcohol abuse carry

A

CVD, nutritional deficiencies, fetal damage, obesity, osteoporosis, brain damage, impotence, sleep disturbance, etc.

47
Q

what effect does alcohol have on caloric intake

A

influences excessive calorie intake

48
Q

empty calories =

A

limited nutrients

49
Q

1 gram of alcohol = ? calories

A

7 calories

50
Q

what percentage of alcohol contributes to US calories

A

3%

51
Q

heavy drinkers consume alcohol instead of food (T/F)

A

true

52
Q

what is cirrhosis

A

fatty infiltration of the liver

53
Q

what is cirrhosis a response to

A

increased synthesis of fat from accelerated acetyl-coA production

54
Q

what do enlarged fat cells prevent in cirrhosis

A

nutrient and oxygen supply to liver cells

55
Q

what fat cells become engorged (swell) …

A

they burst and die

56
Q

cirrhosis causes a ?% death within ? years

A

50%; 4 year

57
Q

what is the second leading cause of liver transplant

A

cirrhosis

58
Q

what causes liver damage

A

build up of acetaldehyde

59
Q

what does a production of free radicals from alcohol metabolism cause

A

liver damage

60
Q

what doe free radicals do to cell membranes and DNA

A

cause damage

61
Q

what does alcohol inhibit (in terms of free radicals)

A

body’s natural defenses against free radicals

62
Q

advanced stages of liver damage are ?

A

not reversible

63
Q

what does thiamin deficiency cause

A

polyneuropathy and wernicke-kersakoff syndrome

64
Q

what does wernicke-kersakoff syndrome cause

A

paralysis of eye muscles, loss of sensation in lower extremities, and memory loss

65
Q

what effects does alcohol have on niacin deficiency

A

uses large amounts of NAD and NADP (both found in niacin) during its metabolism

66
Q

what effects does alcohol have on vitamin D

A

decreases activation of vitamin D when liver is damaged

67
Q

lack of vitamin D due to alcohol consumption has what effect on bones

A

may cause bone dysfunction and reduces bone formation

68
Q

what is pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

69
Q

what causes pancreatitis

A

chronic high alcohol consumption

70
Q

what effect does pancreatitis have on digestion

A

decreases digestion enzymes production which causes poor digestion and absorption

71
Q

what effects does pancreatitis have on insulin

A

limited insulin production; difficulty regulating blood glucose

72
Q

what is fetal alcohol syndrome

A

when alcohol reaches the fetus and the fetus is unable to metabolize it

73
Q

what effect does fetal alcohol syndrome have on a fetus

A

deprives brain of oxygen and nutrients (alcohol displaces nutrients)

74
Q

what does fetal alcohol syndrome cause

A

physical deformities and retardation

75
Q

what is the best advice to reduce the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome

A

abstinence from alcohol

76
Q

what age group/time frame is binge drinking most common

A

college students

77
Q

what classifies binge drinking in women

A

4 or more drinks within two hours

78
Q

what classifies binge drinking in men

A

more than 5 drinks within two hours

79
Q

what does binge drinking cause

A

acute alcohol intoxication

80
Q

what are some signs of alcohol poisoning

A

semi/unconsciousness, slow respiration (less than 8 breaths per mins), cold/clammy/pale/bluish skin, strong odor of alcohol

81
Q

what are the main functions of the liver

A

production of bile, production of cholesterol and special proteins to carry fats through the body, and production of certain proteins for blood plasma

ntr 401 (9 decks)

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