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ntr 401 > exam 2 - bolded material > Flashcards

exam 2 - bolded material Flashcards

1
Q

some ethanol is metabolized by…

A

stomach cells

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2
Q

majority of ethanol is metabolized by..

A

the liver

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3
Q

when alcohol is combined with tobacco the risk for … increases

A

oral and esophageal cancer

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4
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome causes..

A

physical deformities and mental retardation

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5
Q

preformed=

A

active form of vitamin A

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6
Q

preformed vitamin A is found in…

A

retinoids; animal products

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7
Q

proformed=

A

body has to convert to active form of vitamin A

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8
Q

proformed vitamin A is found in…

A

carotenoids; plant products

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9
Q

intestinal cells convert…

A

carotenoids to retinoids

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10
Q

retinol is needed for..

A

reproduction

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11
Q

retinoic acid is needed for..

A

cell growth and maturation

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12
Q

retinal is needed for ..

A

night and color vision

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13
Q

cones in the retina are responsible for…

A

vision on bright lights; turns objects into color

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14
Q

rods in the retina are responsible for…

A

vision in dim lights; turns objects into black and white

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15
Q

epithelial cells line…

A

the outside (skins) and external passages (mucus forming cells)

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16
Q

xerophtalmia is…

A

a major cause of blindness

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17
Q

follicular hyperkeratosis is ..

A

skin disorder

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18
Q

what happens during follicular hyperkeratosis

A

keratinized cells replace normal epithelial cells

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19
Q

acute toxicity of vitamin A is …

A

ingestion of large doses over a long period of time

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20
Q

symptoms of acute toxicity of vitamin A are…

A

intestinal upset, blurred vision, headache, muscular incoordination

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21
Q

chronic toxicity of vitamin A is …

A

large intake of vitamin A over long period of time

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22
Q

symptoms of chronic toxicity of vitamin A are…

A

bone/muscle pain, increased liver size, vomiting

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23
Q

teratogenic toxicity of vitamin A …

A

produces physical defect on developing fetus; spontaneous abortion, birth defects

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24
Q

hypocarotenemia is…

A

excessive consumption of carrots/squash and beta-carotene supplements; leaves skins yellow-orange color

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25
Q

vitamin D is activated by…

A

enzymes in the liver and kidneys

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26
Q

rickets is the result of..

A

low vitamin D in children

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27
Q

rickets can cause…

A

soft bones and deformed pelvis

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28
Q

osteomalacia=

A

rickets (soft bones) in adults; poor calcification of newly synthesized bone

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29
Q

osteomalacia can cause..

A

fractures

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30
Q

osteomalacia is most likely in..

A

adults with liver/kidney disease, intestinal disease, or limited sun exposure

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31
Q

kidney/liver disease = risk for…

A

vitamin D deficiency

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32
Q

tocopherols and tocotrienols =

A

vitamin E

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33
Q

vitamin E is stored in ..

A

adipose tissue, muscle, and liver

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34
Q

vitamin E is found in …

A

cell membranes

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35
Q

vitamin E is able to donate electron to…

A

oxidizing agent

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36
Q

redox agent within vitamin E…

A

protects the cell from free radicals

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37
Q

diversity your antioxidant intake with…

A

a balanced and varied diet

38
Q

who is at risk for vitamin E deficiency

A

premature infants - limited stores

39
Q

menaquinones are synthesized by…

A

bacteria in the colon and are about 10% absorbed

40
Q

vitamin K forms..

A

osteocalcin - secreted by bone building cells

41
Q

most get vitamin K through ..

42
Q

enriched grains are still low in…

A

vitamin B-6, magnesium, fiber, phytochemicals, and zinc

43
Q

thiamin functions for …

A

energy metabolism; metabolism of carbohydrates and some amino acids

44
Q

thiamin is required for normal function of…

A

the nervous system

45
Q

food sources of thiamin =

A

enriched grains and whole grains

46
Q

beriberi=

A

deficiency of thiamin

47
Q

symptoms of beriberi=

A

weakness, nerve degeneration, irritability, poor leg/arm coordination

48
Q

riboflavin is critical for ..

A

energy metabolism

49
Q

food sources of riboflavin =

A

dairy and enriched grains

50
Q

deficiency of riboflavin =

A

ariboflavinosis

51
Q

niacin functions for ..

A

energy metabolism; involved in over 200 metabolic reactions

52
Q

niacin can be synthesized from …

A

essential amino acid - tryptophan

53
Q

tryptophan can be found in …

A

enriched grains, poultry, meat, and fish

54
Q

avidin inhibits..

A

absorption of biotin

55
Q

deficiency of vitamin b-6 =

A

microcytic hypochromic anemia

56
Q

vitamin b-6 supplements can be used to treat

A

carpal tunnel, PMS, and nausea during pregnancy

57
Q

vitamin b-12 helps in the maintenance of ..

A

myelin sheaths; insulating layer that forms around nerves and allows for electrical impulses

58
Q

absorption of vitamin b-12 in the stomach =

A

HCL and pepsin release vitamin b-12 bound to food

59
Q

parietal cells release..

A

intrinsic factor

60
Q

absorption of vitamin b-12 in the small intestine =

A

vitamin b-12 links with intrinsic factor

61
Q

intrinsic factor and vitamin b-12 are absorbed in the ..

62
Q

deficiency of vitamin b-12 =

A

pernicious anemia; due to decreased absorption ability

63
Q

collagen synthesis=

A

wound healing - trauma and burn patients

64
Q

deficiency of vitamin c =

65
Q

skin is cool as..

A

perspiration evaporates

66
Q

functions of sodium =

A

positive ion in extracellular fluid - key for retaining body water

67
Q

current recommendation for sodium =

A

less than 2300 mg per day

68
Q

those older than 51, african americans, and hypertensive individuals should consume… mg of sodium per day

A

less than1500 mg

69
Q

deficiency of sodium =

A

excessive vomiting and perspiration (2-3% of body weight is lost)

70
Q

functions of potassium =

A

positive ion in intracellular fluid

71
Q

food sources of potassium =

A

fruits, vegetables, milk, and grains

72
Q

daily value of potassium =

A

3500 mg per day

73
Q

blood calcium level is maintained at the price of…

A

bone calcium

74
Q

parathyroid hormone increases…

A

calcium release from bone

75
Q

calcium is needed for …

A

blood clotting; converts prothrombin to thrombin

76
Q

building higher bone mass =

A

weight bearing activities

77
Q

hypercalcemia =

A

calcification of tissue

78
Q

high blood pressure increases risk of …

A

stroke, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease

79
Q

hypertension risk factors include…

A

artherosclerosis, obesity, excessive alcohol, sodium intake, low potassium intake

80
Q

prevention/treatment of hypertension

A

weight loss if overweight, activity, DASH diet

81
Q

heme iron is found in

A

animal products and is absorbed better than nonheme iron

82
Q

ferrous iron (+2) is better absorbed than…

A

ferric iron (+3)

83
Q

ferritin in the intestinal cells are..

A

iron building protein

84
Q

hemoglobin in red blood cells…

A

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

85
Q

myoglobin in muscle cells …

A

transport oxygen from red bloods cells to skeletal and heart muscles

86
Q

iron deficiency anemia…

A

red blood cells appear microcytic and hypochromic

87
Q

iron deficiency anemia is most common in…

A

athletes, infants, toddlers, vegans, and women of childbearing age

88
Q

iron deficiency symptoms include…

A

paleness, fatigue, difficulty breathing, poor growth, fast heartbeat, pica

89
Q

hemochromatosis =

A

recessive genetic disease; ineffective mucosal block that leads to excessive absorption

90
Q

goiter =

A

enlarged thyroid gland, low iodide intake

91
Q

food sources of iodide=

A

iodized salt (1/2 tsp.)

92
Q

iodide deficiency =

A

cretinism - mental retardation

ntr 401 (9 decks)

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