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Bio 285 Anatomy & Physiology > Exam #2 vocab Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Exam #2 vocab Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hooke

A

1600s

-first to observe cells thru microscope-looking at plants

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2
Q

Schleiden & Schwann

A

1830s

-came up with idea that all living things are made up of cells

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3
Q

Virchow

A

1850s

  • cells only arise from other cells
    ex. mitosis
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4
Q

plasma membrane

A

separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Site where most cellular activities are accomplished. Made of 3 major elements:

  1. cytosol
  2. organelles
  3. inclusions
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6
Q

nucleus

A

control center of the cells, contains genetic info

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7
Q

diffusion

A
  • passive process
  • where molecules or ions move from an area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration
  • they move “down” the concentration gradient
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8
Q

membrane potential

A

voltage across the membrane - its electrical potential energy from the separation pf oppositely charged particles.
-typically ranges from -50 to -100 mV (millivolts)

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9
Q

gene

A

segments of DNA that code for one polypeptide chain (protein)

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10
Q

exon

A

amino acids specifying sequences

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11
Q

intron

A

non-coding sequences

-junk DNA

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12
Q

cell differentiation

A

development of specific features in the cells

  • allows embryo stem cells to develop into all cell types.
  • differentiation is probably dependent on different chemical signals that channel them into specific developmental pathways.
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13
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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14
Q

codon

A

3 base mRNA for each three sequence DNA sequence

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15
Q

anti-codon

A

a 3 base sequence complimentary to the mRNA coding fro the amno acid carried by tRNA

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16
Q

integral membrane protein

A

firmly inserted into the bilayer, many go all the way through
-used for enzymes, used for transport (either as channels or carriers) or as receptors for hormones

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17
Q

peripheral membrane protein

A

loosely attached to integral protein, could be in intra or etxra positions

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18
Q

tight junction

A

protein molecules are fused together to form an impermeable junction, connection between cells
ex. cells lining digestive tract

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19
Q

desmosomes

A
  • binding body
  • anchoring junctions, act to distribute tension to reduce risk of tearing
    ex. skin cells need to stretch, heart beats-changes shape
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20
Q

gap junction

A

cell-cell communication -spaces for small molecules to go between cells

ex. ions, simple sugars
- in heart

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21
Q

cell adhesion molecules

A

involved in embryonic development, wound repair, and immunity
-type of glycocalyx molecule

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22
Q

contact signaling

A

cells actually physically touch one another, they recognize each other
-important- in development and driving immunity

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23
Q

chemical signaling

A
  • ligands -signalling chemicals that bind to specific membrane receptors
  • ex. neurotransmitters, hormones
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24
Q

glycocalyx

A

-glyco-proteins with sugar groups and occur in the cells surface, used in cell, cell recognition

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25
Q

mitochondria

A

power plants of the cell

  • job is to harvest chemical energy in food, use this energy to create ATP
  • mito. is usually clustered where the action is.
  • busy cells (kidney & liver) have more mitochondria
  • 2 membranes: smooth outermembrane and a folded inner membrane
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26
Q

ribosomes

A

made of proteins and RNAs

-site of protein synthesis

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27
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

contains ribosomes that manufacture proteins secreted from cells.
- makes components for membranes

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28
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

enzymes catalyzing many reactions- NO role in protein synthesis:
1- lipid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis
2-synthesis of steroid-based hormones(sex horm.
)
3- absorb, synthesize & transport fats
4- detox certain drugs, pesticides and carcinogens
5- breakdown the stored glycogen to form free glucose (liver cells)

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29
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • postal distribution center-traffic director for cellular proteins
  • consists of stacked & flattened membraneous sacs, shaped like hollow dinner plates
  • GA receives transport vesicles from thh Rough ER, modifies them(ex.adding phosphate), sorts them out the other side
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30
Q

lysosomes

A

contain digestive enzymes, its their job to break things down:

a) digesting particles, taken in by endocytosis(bacteria, toxins)
b) breakdown organelles that are worn out
c) perform metabolic functions(ex. glycogen breakdown/release)
d) breakdown nonuseful tissues(ex. uterine lining-period)
e) beak down bone to release calcium ions into the blood

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31
Q

cytoskeleton-microtubules

A

large hollow tubes, determine cell shape and distribution of organelles
-motor proteins-powered by ATP, transport organelles along microtubules

32
Q

cytoskeleton-microfilaments

A

thin, made of actin, strengthen the cell surface, involved in cellular movement
ex. in muscle cell contraction

33
Q

cytoskeleton-intermediate fibers

A

tough, insoluble proteins with high tensile strength

-attach to desmosomes and act as guide wires to resist pulling forces exerted on the cell

34
Q

cellular extension- flagella

A

long projections formed by centrioles; propel entire cell.

Ex.cell

35
Q

cellular extension-cilia

A

whiplike motile cellular extensions occurring in great numbers on some cell surfaces.
Ex. respiratory tract-pseudostrat ciliated columnar

36
Q

cellular extension-microvilli

A

tiny finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane projecting from a free cell surface. Ex. intestine, kidney - increased surface area for absorption

37
Q

which mature body cell not have a nucleus

A

red blood cell- needs more room to carry O2

38
Q

function of nuclear envelope

A
  • double membrane barrier separated by a fluid-filled space
    1. the outer surface is studded with ribosomes and the inner membrane is lined by nuclear lamina, which help maintain the shape of the nucleus
    2. nuclear pores(holes that form protein transport channels)
    3. encloses a jell-like fluid called the nucleoplasm(liquid part of nucleus)
39
Q

nucleoli

A

found in nucleus, not bound by membranes

- these are the sites where ribosomal subunits are assembled

40
Q

chromatin

A
  • made up of 30% DNA, %60 histone proteins and ~ 10% RNA chains
  • nucleosomes-fund. units of chromatin, 8 histone P. connected by DNA
  • histone-pack DNA molecules into compact form, gene regulation
  • chromatin is usually not visible in the cell, but when it condenses to form chromosomes before cell division it is dense enough to be seen
41
Q

3 tyoes of RNA

A
  • Ribosomal RNA-rRNA
  • Messenger RNA-mRNA
  • Transfer RNA-tRNA
42
Q

ribosomal RNA

A
  • constituent of ribosome

- exists within ribosomes of cytoplasm and assists in protein synthesis

43
Q

transfer RNA

A

short chain RNA molecules that transfer amino acids to the ribosome

44
Q

messenger RNA

A

long nucleotide strands that reflect the exact nucleotide sequences of the genetically active DNA and carry the message of the latter.

45
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm, formed when cleavage furrow pinches apart

46
Q

active vs. passive transport

A

substances can cross the plasma membrane either passively(always occurs via diffusion) without any energy input, or actively, with help of ATP.

47
Q

diffusion

A

where molecules or ions move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration - down their concentration gradient

48
Q

simple diffusion

A

nonpolar and lipid soluble substances diffuse directly through lipid layer

49
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

glucose, amino acids & ions- go straight across or with help of carrier proteins -passive trans

50
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of a solvent, often water, through a selectively permeable membrane, something liquidy, particles can go through

  • water passes through aquaporins
  • water is moving- moves from areas of higher water lower solute to areas of lower water & higher solute, until equilibrium occurs
51
Q

tonicity

A

ability of cell to change its shape by altering internal water volume

52
Q

isotonic

A

concentration of particles is the same inside & out

-no net movement

53
Q

hypertonic

A

more solutes outside, water will leave the cell-cells shrivels- crenates

54
Q

hypotonic

A

more solutes on the inside than outside - water will move into the cell; cell will eventually burst-lyse

55
Q

primary active transport

A

-requires carrier proteins that combine with the substance to be transported, but requires energy because it is pumping molecules against their concentration gradient.
Ex. CA2+, Na+,

56
Q

secondary active transport

A

when an ion is actively pumped across a membrane, it will leak back through with help of a carrier protein, this can drag or Cotransport other things with it

57
Q

Symport

A

both substances move in same direction

Ex. sugars, amino acids, ions

58
Q

antiport

A

substances move in opposite directions - “wave to eachother”

ex. regulation pf pH by driving out H+ ions

59
Q

vesicular transport

A
  • energized by ATP (or GTP) -active transport
  • fluid-containing large particle, macromolecules are transported across cellular membranes inside membraneous sacs called “vesicles”
  • processes that eject substances, from cell interior into extracellular fluid are called “exocytosis”
60
Q

types of vesicular transport

A

exocytosis, endocytosis, transcytosis, substance trafficking

61
Q

exocytosis

A

transport out of cell

ex. secretion of neurotransmitters, hormones, mucus, ejection of cell wastes

62
Q

endocytosis

A

transport into the cell

ex. WBC, macrophages, dissolved solutes, some hormones, cholesterol, iron and most macromolecules

63
Q

transcytosis

A

movement into, across, then out of cell

64
Q

substance(vesicular) trafficking

A

transport from one area of the cell to another area

65
Q

types of endocytosis

A
  • phagocytosis
  • pinocytosis
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis/transcytosis
66
Q

phagocytosis

A

cellular eating

e. WBC engulfs a bacteria

67
Q

Pinocytosis

A

cellular drinking, allows sampling of extracellular fluid

ex. cells in intestine use this to absorb nutrients

68
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis and transcytosis

A

very selective receptors in the membrane bind only to certain substances
ex. hormones, enzymes but also flu, diphtheria, and Cholera(trick cells into taking them in)

69
Q

helicase

A
  • in DNA replication

- helicase enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix to form a replication fork

70
Q

nucleotide

A

each nucleotide strand serves as a template to build new strand

71
Q

DNA polymerase

A

after RNA primers initiate DNA synthesis:
the enzyme polymerase assembles in short segments free base pairs to their matching complimentary bases open on the DNA replication fork.

72
Q

DNA ligase

A

DNA ligase then splices together the short segments assembled by DNA polymerase
-glues segments

73
Q

RNA polymerase, mRNA & nucleotides, terminal signal

A

-used in transcription(protein synthesis)
-RNA polymerase pulls apart the strands of DNA double helix so that transcription can begin at promoter(DNA sequence start point).
- RNA polymerase creates a new mRNA strand by adding a free RNA nucleotides to the DNA strand as it unwinds the double helix- only a little DNA unwound at a time
-the polymerase reaches a termination signal, transcription finished and new mRNA strand drops off
-finally, mRNA has to edited before it can move on
Spliceosomes come in and remove introns(junk DNA), then splice together remaining exons

74
Q

codons

A

for each three sequence DNA triplet, there are three base mRNA called codon

75
Q

Ribosome role in translation

A
  • mRNA hooks up with ribosome when it leaves the nucleus

- ribosome also contains rRNA

76
Q

translation

A

language of nucleic acids(base pairs), translated into language of proteins

Bio 285 Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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