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Bio 285 Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 5 : integumentary > Flashcards

Chapter 5 : integumentary Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

epidermis

A

keratinized(hard), stratified squamous epithelium made of four distinct cell types and four-five layers

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2
Q

dermis

A

strong, flexible connective tissue, supplied with nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic

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3
Q

the skin functions

A

protects us from bacteria, external agents, and water and heat loss

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4
Q

skin layers

A
  • two layers, the outer epidermis and underlying dermis

- the dermis which makes up the bulk of the skin is vascularized, the epidermis is not

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5
Q

hypodermis

A
  • superficial fascia
  • mostly made of adipose (fat) tissue
  • function- fat storage- insulation - shock absorption - anchors your skin to muscle underneath
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6
Q

arrector pilli

A

bundle of smooth muscles, associated with each hair follicle

- pulls the hair upright

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7
Q

cells of epidermis- keratinocytes

A

these produce keratin, gives skin its protective properties

  • dead by the time they are pushed to the surface; replaced by mitosis
  • replace entire epidermis every 25-45 days
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8
Q

cells of epidermis- melanocytes

A

these make pigment melanin, found deep in epidermis

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9
Q

epidermal dendritic cells

A
  • langerhans cells

- arise from the bone marrow, migrate to the epidermis to ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system

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10
Q

cells of epidermis- tactile (Merkel cells)

A

found at the epidermal/dermal junction; associated with a sensory hair ending and acts as a sensory receptor for touch

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11
Q

layer of epidermis- Stratum basale

A
  • basal layer
  • deepest epidermal layer, attached to the dermis underneath
  • mostly one layer of stem cells thick; produces youngest keratinocytes
  • also 10-25% of cells there are melanocytes
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12
Q

layer of epidermis-stratum spinosum

A
  • prikly layer
  • several layers thick, contain intermediate filaments, attached to desmosomes
  • look like prickly balls
  • allow tissue to stretch without tearing apart
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13
Q

layer of epidermis- stratum granulosum

A
  • granular layer
  • 3-5 cell layers where keratinization(cells filled with keratin)begins
  • contains 2 types of granules one that helps begin keratin formation and the other that forms a water resistant coat
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14
Q

layer of epidermis- stratum Lucidum

A
  • clear layer
  • 2-3 rows of flat dead keratinocytes, visible only in thick skin
  • only found in extra layers-bottom of foot
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15
Q

layer of epidermis-stratum corneum

A
  • horny layer
  • outermost layer, 20-30 cell layers thick
  • protects skin against abrasion & penetration
  • avg. person sheds 18 kg (40Lbs) of skin in a lifetime
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16
Q

layer of dermis- Papillary layer

A

aerolar connective tissue; forms a loosely woven mat full of small blood vessels
-dermal papillae- peg-like projections that may contain capillary loops, nerve endings & touch receptors and underly the sking rideges of our fingerprints

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17
Q

layer of dermis- reticular layer

A
  • coarse, irregularly arranged in dense fibrous connective tissue
  • made up of collagen fibers with pockets of adipose tissue
  • collagen gives skin strength and keeps it hydrated, while elastic fibers make skin stretchy
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18
Q

3 substances that determine basic skin color

A
  1. melanin
  2. carotene
  3. hemoglobin
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19
Q

bluish skin color indicates..

A

not enough oxyegen

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20
Q

redness of skin indicates..

A

emotional , indication of allergy too

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21
Q

pallor (pale) skin indicates

A

-emotional stress, indicates anemia or low blood pressure

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22
Q

jaundice(yellow) indicates..

A

liver disorder

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23
Q

bronzing of skin indicates….

A

Addison’s disease

-not enough steroid hormones, or pituatary gland tumor

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24
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A
  • Eccrine(meocrine) glands
    -more numerous on palms, feet and forehead
    Functions:
    -coiled tubular gland
    -sweat- hypotonic filtrate of blood released through sweat glands by exocytosis -higher water to particle ratio
  • controlled by the autonomic nervous system-prevent over heating
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25
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

-Apocrine sweat glands
-there are only about 2K of them mostly in axillary(armpit), anogenital regions
-larger than eccrine, deeper in dermis, ducts empty into hair follicles
-produce sweat: fatty substances & proteins
-source of BO when bacteria on skin decomposes these organic molecules
Why? sexual or puberty

26
Q

Sweat gland- Ceruminous (wax glands)

A

modified apocrine glands found in the lining of secretion mixes with sebum from oil glands to form cerumen, AKA external ear canal-ear wax

27
Q

sweat gland- mammary gland

A

specialized sweat glands that secrete milk

28
Q

sebaceous oil glands

A
  • branched alveolar glands found everywhere except palms and soles
    1. secrete oily substace, sebum
    2. most sebaceous glands develop from hair follicles and serve to soften and lubricated hair & skin. Slow water loss from skin , kill bacteria
    3. When blocked= pimples ; inflammation= acne
    4. too much sebum= seborrhea (cradle pap)
29
Q

main substance that makes up hair

A

hairs or pilli are produced by hair follicles and are largely dead keratinized cells

30
Q

3 layers that make up hair

A

medulla, cortex, cuticle

31
Q

medulla

A
  • inner layer of hair

- large cells and air spaces, absent in fine hairs

32
Q

mental cortex

A
  • middle mental cortex of hair

- made of several layers of flattened skin

33
Q

cuticle

A
  • the outer layer of hair

- formed of overlapping layers of shingles

34
Q

hirsutism

A
  • excessive hairiness in women

- caused by adrenal gland or ovarian tumor

35
Q

alopecia

A
  • hair thinning & baldness

- after 40 , hairs may not be replaced as often as they are shed

36
Q

true male pattern baldness

A
  • genetic, sex influenced
  • due to delayed action gene switched on at adulthood that changes responses of follicles to a testosterone metabolite
  • this causes growth cycles to become short and hairs never emerge from their follicles before shedding
37
Q

alopecia areata

A

immune system attacks the follicles and the hair falls out

38
Q

yellow tinged nails…

A

respiratory or thyroid problem

39
Q

thickening nails

A

fungal infection

40
Q

outward concavity in nails

A

iron deficiency

41
Q

horizontal line in nails

A

malnutrition

42
Q

chemical barriers

A

skin secretions and melanin production

a. acid mantle-ph -retards bacteria growth
b. dermicidin in sweat and bactericidal substances in sebum
c. cathelicidins- released by wounded skin, to help strep H infections
e. melanin- chemical pigment shield against UV

43
Q

physical/mechanical barriers

A

epidermis is water resistant and blocks most water-soluble aubstances
a. however some things do penetrate the skin in small amounts including: O2, CO2, VIT(adek), poisin ivy, organis solvents(acetone & paint thinner), salts(lead & mercury), drug agents

44
Q

biological barriers

A

dendritic cells in epidermis, macroophages in dermis, and DNA

45
Q

dendretic cells

A

these are present foreign substances to WBCs

46
Q

dermal macrophages

A

also act as antigen presenters

47
Q

DNA as bio barrier

A

electrons absorb UV radiation and transfer it to the atomic nuclei which heat up and vibrate, then transferring heat to water molecules
-can actually absorb UV and convert into heat

48
Q

how does body protect body from extreme temperatures?

A

-too high: nervous system stimulates dermal blood vessels to dilate and sweat glands start secreting.
On hot days, we can sweat 12L (3 gallons)-sends more blood to skin area
-too low: dermal blood vessls constrict, causing warm blood to bypass the skin.
This allows skin to be same temp as outside. Sends blood to core of the body.

49
Q

what types of cutaneous sensations are there?

A

cutaneous sensory receptors respond to stimuli outside the body (sensors pressure)

  1. light touch- Meissner’s corpuscles and tactile discs
  2. bumps or deep pressure contact-Pacininian corpuscles
  3. respond to light manipulation of the hair- hair follicle receptors
  4. painful stimuli- free nerve endings
50
Q

What are some metabolic functions of the skin?

A
  1. Synthesizes Vit D precursor in response to sunlight
  2. Disarm cancer causing chemicals
  3. Convert harmless chemicals into carcinogens
  4. Activate some steroid hormones ex. transform cortisone to hydrocortisone (anti-inflammatory)
51
Q

How does the skin act like a blood reservoir for the body?

A
  1. Dermal vascular supply can hold about 5% of body’s total blood volume
  2. When other body organs need more blood, the nervous system constricts the dermal blood vessls, this constriction shunts more blood into general circulation, making it available to the muscles and other body organs
52
Q

shunt

A

push or pull (a train or part of a train) from the main line to a siding or from one track to another.

53
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A
  • 80% of skin cancers

- least serious, found on face

54
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

grows quickly on head and hands, can be removed surgically or by radiation therapy
- remove before they metastisize

55
Q

Melanoma

A
  • highly metastic, resistant to chemotherapy, get them pre-existing moles
  • treatment: Before-surgury or After- immunotherapy
56
Q

Problems for burn victims

A

-loss of fluids, extra calories to help recover, invasion of the destroyed area by bacteria or fungi(serious infections)

57
Q

first degree burn

A

any epidermis of skin is damaged, sunburn

58
Q

second degree burn

A

both epidermis and upper region of dermis, marked by blistering, heal-time:3-4 weeks

59
Q

third degree burn

A

involves the entire thickness of the skin, you will need skin graft

60
Q

What germ layers do the epidermis,dermis(hypodermis) develop from?

A

The epidermis develops from the ectoderm and the dermis and hypodermis from the mesoderm

Bio 285 Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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