Exam 2 Vertebrates

Question 1

Echinodermata

Answer 1

Exclusively marine species like the seastar, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers.

Several can regenerate.

Have endoskeleton able to regenerate
have both sexual or asexual reproduction.

Question 2

Vertebrates all have…

Answer 2

a vertebral column and a distinctive head or skull and are different from other chordates in having a neural crest, internal organs, a heart and closed circulatory system, and an endoskeleton made of bone

the neural crest consists of embryonic cells on each side of the neural tube

Question 3

Tunicates

Answer 3

Uruchordates -adults do not have a notochord but the larvae do.

Question 4

Lancelets

Answer 4

Cephalochordates which have a notochord throughout their life cycle

Question 5

Chordate evolution

Answer 5

led to vertebrates due to the innovation of a flexible rod to which muscles are attached leading to lateral back movement

Question 6

4 Classes of echinoderms

Answer 6

Asteroidea
Ophiuroidea
Echinoidea
Holothuroidea

Question 7

lampreys and hagfishes

Answer 7

jawless + extant

Question 8

REPTILES

Answer 8

adaptations for survival on land included evolution of amniotic egg, dry skin and concentrated urine that resists water loss, thoracic breathing, and reoriented appendages; all ectotherms, they use behavior mechanisms to maintain internal body temperature

Question 9

BIRDS

Answer 9

Differ from all other living vertebrates in their presence of feathers and flight skeleton

Consider: Flight necessitated efficient respiration and circulation, feathers, endothermy, and hollow bones plus auxiliary air sacs. Air sacs promote continuous flow of air through the lungs thereby enhancing metabolism by making oxygen more readily available

Question 10

MAMMALS

Answer 10

share traits with other living vertebrates except for hair and mammary glands;mammals specializations include warm-blood, placenta in most, specialized digestive tract, increase in brain size, and specialized teeth for diet

Question 11

operculum

Answer 11

hard plate that covers the gills on each side of the head of most bony fish

Question 12

lateral line

Answer 12

a series of sensory organs that detects pressure waves in the water

Question 13

Bony fishes

Answer 13

Have swim bladder and operculum. Separated in to two major classes.

Question 14

Bony fishes

Answer 14

Have swim bladder and operculum. Separated in to two major classes.

Question 15

Respirations in vertebrates

Answer 15

buccal pumping and skin respiration in amphibians;
ram ventilation in some sharks and opercullar pumping in bony fishes;

reptiles have similar respiration to birds;
birds have a fixed unidirectional lungs with air sacs to pump the air through the lungs; mammals use diaphragm and a flexible lung .

Question 16

metamorphosis

Answer 16

changing of one body form to another within a species, such as the change from an aquatic tadpole to a terrestrial frog

Question 17

species richness in current vertebrate groups

Answer 17

most rich: fish–>birds–>reptiles–>amphibians–>mammals

Question 18

AMPHIBIANS

Answer 18

traditionally, they were thought to have evolved from lobe-finned fish; but now molecular data seems to support lungfish as ancestor; all have legs, cutaneous respiration and lungs, partially divided 3 chambered heart, and pulmonary veins; their reproduction depends on water. Includes Anuran, Caudata and Apoda.

Question 19

Class Testudines (Turtles and Tortoise)

Answer 19

have a hard shell fused to the backbone and are lacking teeth

Question 20

Alligator + Crocodiles

Answer 20

tropical species and it seems the nearest living relatives of crocodiles to be birds because they build nests and protect and raise young and have a 4 chambered heart; but birds are different from reptiles in their features of endothermy, lack of teeth, presence of feathers and a flight skeleton

Question 21

Ectotherm

Answer 21

organism that uses heat from outside source (usually sun) in conjunction with behavioral mechanisms to maintain body temperature

Consider: This characteristic allows a reptile to use less than 10% of the calories required by equal size endotherm.

Question 22

hair

Answer 22

acts as insulation, camouflage, protection, defense, and increase sensory perception

Question 23

monotremes

Answer 23

different from other mammals in their laying of shelled eggs, restriction to Australia & New Guinea, lacking a placenta, and having poorly developed nipples

Question 24

opossum

Answer 24

only North American marsupial

Question 25

marsupials

Answer 25

marsupial sac where embryo develops and continues to grow....this structure distinguishes the marsupials

Question 26

Sharks have a number of fleshy gill slits instead of a bony gill cover. How does the affect the sharks' behavior?

Answer 26

They must swim to move water across their gills.

Question 27

Scuba divers use a BCD to control buoyancy. It is essentially a bag that can be inflated or deflated to prevent excessive sinking or floating. How do bony fish accomplish this? A. They pump their operculum. B. They adjust the level of gasses in their swim bladder. C. They adjust their position using the pectoral and pelvic fins. D. They swim rapidly to saturate the blood with oxygen.

Answer 27

They adjust the level of gasses in their swim bladder

Question 28

A tunicate looks like a sponge. How could a biologist distinguish it from a poriferan? A. Tunicates do not filter feed. B. Only tunicates produce gametes. C. Unlike tunicates, sponges are symmetrical. D. Tunicates have a stomach.

Answer 28

Tunicates have a stomach

Question 29

Manta rays, sting rays, and eagle rays are similar to lampreys in that they have cartilagenous skeletons. How are they different from lampreys? A. They have closed circulatory systems. B. They have gills. C. They have jaws. D. They have bony fin lobes.

Answer 29

They have jaws

Question 30

``` When a tourist buys a sand dollar at a beach shop, what are they buying? A. A shell B. A skeleton C. A molted covering D. A mantle secretion ```

Answer 30

a skeleton

Question 31

``` Most bony fishes have a hard plate that covers the gills on each side of the head called the A. radula. B. pharyngeal slits. C. lateral lines. D. operculum. E. gill arches. ```

Answer 31

operculum

Question 32

``` Birds, like mammals, can regulate their body temperatures within close limits. Therefore birds and mammals are called A. ectothermic. B. poikilothermic. C. endothermic. D. heterothermic. ```

Answer 32

endothermic

Question 33

Which of the following is considered the key innovation that started chordates along the evolutionary path that led to vertebrates? A. a flexible rod to which muscles are attached, which allowed lateral movement of the back B. an internal endoskeleton C. a skin covering the entire body to prevent desiccation D. a hard shell encasing the body E. amniotic egg

Answer 33

a flexible rod to which muscles are attached, which allowed lateral movement of the back

Question 34

``` In addition to a vertebral column, all vertebrates have A. a distinctive head or skull. B. an open circulatory system. C. gills. D. scales. E. a tunic. ```

Answer 34

a distinctive head or skull

Question 35

Amphibians are not completely free to live on dry land because A. their ancestors were fish. B. their food organisms live in water. C. their reproduction depends on water. D. they can escape from predators by jumping into the water. E. they obtain oxygen from water through gills.

Answer 35

their reproduction depends on water.

Question 36

``` Features that have been retained by reptiles from the time they replaced the amphibians as the dominant terrestrial vertebrates include all of the following, except A. the amniotic egg. B. dry skin. C. thoracic breathing. D. reoriented appendages. E. endothermy. ```

Answer 36

endothermy