Exam 1

Question 1

Scientific Method

Answer 1

1) Question
2) Background research
3) Hypothesis
4) Experiment
5) Analyze the results to accept or reject hypothesis

Question 2

Taxonomy

Answer 2

field of biology concerned with classifying organisms and viruses
(DKPCOFGS) “Do kings play chess on fine green sand”

Question 3

systematics

Answer 3

reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships (phylogenies)

Question 4

Phylogeny

Answer 4

evolutionary history of an organism

Question 5

Cladistics

Answer 5

A taxonomic technique used for creating hierarchies or organisms that represent true phylogenetic relationship and descent. This technique has multiple uses including the HIV court case.

Question 6

Domains

Answer 6

EUKARYA, ARCHAE, BACTERIA,

Question 7

KINGDOMS OF EUKARYA

Answer 7

Plantae, Animalia, fungi, protista. ALL USE SAME GENETIC CODE. HAVE PLASMA MEMBRANES AND GLYCOLYSIS

Question 8

protista

Answer 8

polyphyletic and paraphyletic group. doesn’t fit in Animalia, plantar, or fungi

Question 9

fungi

Answer 9

taxa with a cell wall, external digestion, and lacking photosynthesis capability

Question 10

convergent evolution

Answer 10

independent development of similar structures in organisms that are not directly related; often found in organisms living in similar environments

Question 11

derived character

Answer 11

a characteristic used in taxonomic analysis representing a departure from the primitive (ancestor) form; in cladistics, characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared by all organisms above the branch point and are not present in any below it

Question 12

ancestral characteristics

Answer 12

characteristics that have arisen in organisms as a result of common evolutionary descent

Question 13

character state

Answer 13

In cladistics, one of two or more distinguishable forms of a character, such as the presence or absence of teeth in amniote vertebrates

Question 14

polarize

Answer 14

in cladistics, to determine whether character states are ancestral or derived

Question 15

cladogram

Answer 15

a graphical representation of possible evolutionary relationships, based on polarization of characters, in which taxa are placed at the tips, not at the branch points, of the phylogenetic tree and shared, derived characteristics common to taxa above the branch point are placed at the branch point.
Helps with the studies in evolution, ecology, biogeography and even forensics.

Consider: Steps to construct a cladogram would be

• 1. gather data on characters to be used,
     
     2. establish the character states (teeth),
     3. polarize the characters (ancestral or derived)
     4. select an outgroup (closely related to but not a member)
     5. apply principle of parsimony (hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions)

Question 16

clade

Answer 16

a group containing all descendants of a common ancestor

Question 17

apomorphy

Answer 17

derived trait

Question 18

synapomorphy

Answer 18

in systematics, a derived character that is shared by clade members; best mechanism to analyze the evolutionary sequence in the development of a complex character
(I remember this by saying the derived (new) characters are synapy…synapomorphy)

Question 19

plesiomorphy

Answer 19

in cladistics, another term for an ancestral character state

Question 20

symplesiomorphy

Answer 20

in cladistics, another term for a shared ancestral/primitive or outgroup character state
(I remember this by saying the primitive trait is the most symplesiomorphy)

Question 21

principle of parsimony

Answer 21

simplest hypothesis is the one to be chosen

Question 22

monophyletic

Answer 22

in phylogenetic classification, a group that includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all its descendants. A clade is a monophyletic group.

Question 23

paraphyletic

Answer 23

in phylogenetic classification, a group that includes the most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all its descendants

Question 24

polyphyletic

Answer 24

in phylogenetic classification, a group that does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group

Question 25

biological species concept (BSC)

Answer 25

the concept that defines species as groups of populations that have the potential to interbreed and that are reproductively isolated from other groups

Question 26

phylogenetic species concept (PSC)

Answer 26

the concept that defines species on the basis of their phylogenetic relationships

Question 27

reproductive isolation

Answer 27

not being able to mate outside one’s group

Question 28

outgroup

Answer 28

An outgroup is an organism that is considered not to be part of the group in question, but is closely related to the group. The evolutionary conclusion from this is that the outgroup branched from the parent group before the other two groups branched from each other.

Question 29

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 29

transfer of genes between organisms.

transfer of genes between different species, both prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Question 30

The evolutionary history of a species or group of species is most accurately referred to as:

Answer 30

phylogeny.

Question 31

Which one of the following do all three domains of life have in common?

Answer 31

A) the same genetic code
B) plasma membranes
C) glycolysis

Question 32

In a cladistic approach to phylogeny, a trait shared with a distant common ancestor is referred to as a(n):

Answer 32

A) symplesiomorphy.

Question 33

A __________ taxon consists of members of several evolutionary lines and does not include the most recent common ancestor of the included lineages

Answer 33

polyphyletic

Question 34

Many researchers who study the kingdom Protista argue that all of these organisms should not be placed in the same kingdom, because these organisms could not have evolved from a common ancestor. In other words, they argue that the kingdom Protista is _____.

Answer 34

polyphyletic

Question 35

Which of the following would be homologous structures?

Answer 35

the wing of a bat and the arm of a human

Question 36

A paraphyletic group contains

Answer 36

. a common ancestor but not all of its descendants