Exam 1 Chapter 23 Protists

Question 1

Protists

Answer 1

• Eukaryotes that do not fit in Animalia, Plantae, or Fungi
• usually very small
• usually reproduce asexually unless in stress conditions
• paraphyletic + polyphyletic group

Question 2

Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

Answer 2

Eukaryotes have cytoskeleton + compartmentalization (membrane bound nucleus and organelles).

Question 3

Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

Answer 3

Eukaryotes have cytoskeleton + compartmentalization (membrane bound nucleus and organelles).

Question 4

phagotrophic

Answer 4

ingest particle food

Question 5

osmotrophic

Answer 5

ingest soluble food

Question 6

protistan nutrition

Answer 6

phototrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs.

phagotrophs, osmotrophs

Question 7

protistan mechanisms

Answer 7

slimy or hard protective coverings
toxins
sharp projectiles
bioluminescence
spines

Question 8

protistan structures

Answer 8

• cyst
• flagella
• pseudopodia
• cilia

Question 9

protistan cysts

Answer 9

may arise from sexual or asexual reproduction.
facilitate spread of pathogen from on host to another
consumption may lead to human health problems

Question 10

multicellularity

Answer 10

from single cells to colonies to true multicellularity
arisen multiple times
fosters specialization
few innovations have had as great an influence on the history of life

Question 11

diplomonads

Answer 11

unicellular
move with flagella
2 nuclei
Giardia (CAUSES DIARRHEA)
Lack mitochondria but have some mitochondrial genes in DNA

Question 12

Euglenozoa

Answer 12

Among the earliest eukaryotes to possess mitochondria
1/3 have chloroplasts and are autotrophic
may become heterotrophic in dark
others lack chloroplast and are heterotrophic
all have a flexible pellicle
no sexual reproduction

Question 13

Kinetoplastids

Answer 13

2nd major group in Euglenozoa
Unique, single mitochondrion
DNA maxicircles and minicircles
Trypanosomes cause human diseases
African sleeping sickness – tsetse fly
Leishmaniasis – sand fly – cause severe lesions
Chagas disease – skin contact with urine or blood of infected wild animal. Heart affected by parasite and increases in size.

Question 14

Dinoflagellates

Answer 14

Photosynthetic, unicellular with flagella
Live in aquatic environments
Some are luminescent
Do not appear to be directly related to any other phylum
Major Cause of “Red tide” which are “blooms” that kill – fish, birds, and marine mammals may die from toxins

Question 15

Apicomplexans

Answer 15

Spore-forming animal parasites
Apical complex is a unique arrangement of organelles at one end of the cell which enables the cell to invade its host.
Plasmodium causes malaria. Symptoms include chills and fever usually in late afternoon.
Complex life cycle – sexual, asexual, different hosts.
Eradication focused on eliminating mosquito vector, drug development, vaccines.

Question 16

ciliates

Answer 16

Feature large numbers of cilia arranged in longitudinal rows or spirals around the cell
Pellicle – tough but flexible outer covering
2 types of nuclei
Micronucleus – without will reproduce asexually
Macronucleus – essential for function
Have two types of vacuoles
Food vacuoles – digestion of food
Contractile vacuoles – regulation of water balance

Question 17

Brown algae

Answer 17

Conspicuous seaweeds of northern regions
Life cycle involves alternation of generations
Sporophyte – multicellular and diploid
Gametophyte – multicellular and haploid
Not plants but protists.

Question 18

diatoms

Answer 18

Photosynthetic, unicellular organisms

Unique double shells made of silica

Question 19

choanoflagellates

Answer 19

filter bacterial food from the water through the collars on the cells; structure similar to one on sponges
Propulsion by a single posterior flagellum

Consider: Choanoflagellates are the group of protists with similarities to sponges and other animals, including humans.

Question 20

foraminiferans

Answer 20

resemble tiny snails; have shells called tests composed of organic materials reinforced with grains of inorganic matter; their tests help make up many limestone deposits including the White Cliffs of Dover

Question 21

amoebae

Answer 21

move by pseudopodia extension

Question 22

Green Algae

Answer 22

Only once in evolution these algae gave rise to all land plants. Have 2 monophyletic groups: Chlorophyta and charophytes. Diverged from land plants over 1BYA. Can be single cell, multicellular or colonial.

Question 23

The parasite that is responsible for causing malaria is called

Answer 23

Plasmodium

Question 24

The classic symptoms of malaria are:

Answer 24

headaches and nausea

Question 25

In malaria, Plasmodium falciparum grow inside of which human cells?

Answer 25

liver and red blood cells

Question 26

The mitochondria of eukaryotic cells most likely arose as a result of endosymbiosis between a eukaryotic cell and a

Answer 26

non sulfur purple bacterium

Question 27

The protists are a paraphyletic group that have traditionally been grouped together because

Answer 27

they are not fungi, animals, or plants.

Question 28

Which one of the following is not a basic type of protist nutrition?

Answer 28

autotrophy