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BIO 2 > Exam 2 Chapter 33 Animal Body > Flashcards

Exam 2 Chapter 33 Animal Body Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Epithelial tissues

A 
provide a selectively permeable barrier
protect from dehydration or mechanical damage
provide sensory surfaces
produce glands (invaginated epithelium) that secrete materials
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2
Q

Connective tissues

A

cells embedded in an extracellular (protein fibers plus ground substance including carbohydrates) they produce; all originate from mesoderm germ layer;

act to connect, anchor, and support (dense irregular ct produces tough coverings that package organs)

includes bone, cartilage, blood, adipose

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3
Q

Embryonic germ layer tissues

A

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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4
Q

epithelial cells

A

simple is a single layer of epithelial cells
stratified is more than one layer of epithelial cells

cover structures and line the walls of body cavities
Rest on basal lamina or basement membrane with a free side (Apical surface)
are avascular, therefore relatively thin since they received materials via diffusion from adjacent tissue’s blood vessels
simple squamous epithelium allows diffusion through membrane

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5
Q

vertebrate glands

A

derived from invaginated epithelium (typically cuboidal); endocrine glands and exocrine glands

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6
Q

squamous cell shape

A

flattened irregular shape and tapered edges

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7
Q

cuboidal cell shape

A

cubed shape, often found in glands

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8
Q

columnar cell shape

A

cylinder shaped shells that contain goblet cells that secrete mucus

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9
Q

exocrine glands

A

type of vertebrate gland.

exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts onto a free surface

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10
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones that travel through bloodstream

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11
Q

epidermis protection

A

provided via keratin (waterproofing protein)
stratified squamous
outer layer of dead squamous

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12
Q

cartilage

A

composed of glycoproteins (chondroitin) and collagen fibers

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13
Q

chondrocytes

A

cartilage cells

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14
Q

bone

A

a special form of connective tissue; organic extracellular matrix of collagen fibers and salt crystals; serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions; bone marrow is a site for blood cell formations

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15
Q

osteocyte

A

living bone cell found in lacunae within an extracellular matrix hardened with calcium phosphate crystals; communicate with other osteocytes through canaliculi

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16
Q

vertebrate locomotion

A

contraction of skeletal muscles anchored via tendons to bones

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17
Q

muscle cells

A

cells that contract or shorten
unique in relative abundance and organization of actin and myosin fibers contained in myofibrils

skeletal
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

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18
Q

skeletal muscle

A

multi-nucleated, striated, and voluntary

found connected to bone for locomotion

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19
Q

cardiac muscle

A

mono-nucleated, striated, and involuntary
found in heart
contain intercalated disks (gap junctions for direct interconnections)

20
Q

smooth muscle

A

mono-nucleated, unstriated, and involuntary

found surrounding hollow tubes and cavities of organs

21
Q

neurons

A

excitable cells that produce and conduct electrochemical impulses

include cell body (contains nucleus and organelles), dendrites (highly branched extensions that conduct impulses toward the cell body); axon (single cytoplasmic extension that conducts impulses away from cell body)

22
Q

neuroglia

A

do not conduct electrical impulses

support and insulate neurons and eliminate foreign materials in and around neurons

23
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulating cover formed by glial cells around axons

24
Q

nervous system

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

+ PNS (nerves and ganglia)

25
Q

homeostasis

A

The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain a relatively constant internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes

26
Q

feedback mechanisms

A

process includes stimulus, sensor, set point, integrating center, effector, response
* Be able to identify examples of each of these descriptors from a system such as those used in lecture.

Consider: Negative feedback minimizes change (often through antagonistic effectors) while positive feedback emphasizes change.

27
Q

body temperature

A

controlled by hypothalamus

a rise in the set point (as in the induction phase of a fever) would trigger muscles contracting causing shivers

28
Q

Why does size influence metabolism?

A

the smaller the animal, the more energy is needed, the faster the metabolism. The more surface area.

29
Q

ectotherm

A

an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat.

30
Q

endotherm

A

An organism that is internally warmed by a heat-generating metabolic process

31
Q

negative feedback

A

feedback minimizes change (often through antagonistic effectors)
want to restore to 0

32
Q

Which major tissue type exhibits the shortening of its cells (i.e., contraction) as a major function?

A

muscle

33
Q

negative feedback

A

feedback minimizes change (often through antagonistic effectors)
want to restore to 0

34
Q

Which of the following tissue types is specialized to conduct electrical signals?

A

Nervous

35
Q

Which of the following tissue types are attached to a basal lamina or basement membrane?

A

Epithelial

36
Q

Basal lamina

A

thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues

37
Q

Connective tissue serves to support and bind other tissues. Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue?

A

FAT

38
Q

Which of the following tissue types is characterized by having cells suspended within an extracellular matrix consisting of a mixture of fibrous proteins and carbohydrates?

A

connective

39
Q

Collagen is a tough, stretch-resistant protein. You would be most likely to find collagen in which tissue type?

A

Connective

40
Q

In all animals, the largest percentage of the body’s fluids are located in the:

A

intracellular compartment

41
Q

The barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments in an animal or plant is the

A

Plasma membrane

42
Q

Which of the following would NOT be an example of negative feedback control in homeostasis?

A

During the birth process, stretch receptors in the uterus stimulate the release of oxytocin from the pituitary gland. This stimulates uterine muscle contraction that increases stimulation of the stretch receptors.

43
Q

Which of the following would NOT be an example of negative feedback control in homeostasis?

A

During the birth process, stretch receptors in the uterus stimulate the release of oxytocin from the pituitary gland. This stimulates uterine muscle contraction that increases stimulation of the stretch receptors.

44
Q

epithelial tissues do what?

A

form barriers or boundaries
absorb nutrients in the digestive tract
allows exchange of gases in the lung

45
Q

connective tissues have what?

A

extracellular matrix

46
Q

skeletal muscles contain ?

A

multiple nuclei

47
Q

smooth muscle sites are?

A

the lining of the blood vessels
the iris of the eyes
the wall of the digestive tract

BIO 2 (9 decks)

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