Exam 2 Chapter 33 Animal Body

Question 1

Epithelial tissues

Answer 1

provide a selectively permeable barrier
protect from dehydration or mechanical damage
provide sensory surfaces
produce glands (invaginated epithelium) that secrete materials

Question 2

Connective tissues

Answer 2

cells embedded in an extracellular (protein fibers plus ground substance including carbohydrates) they produce; all originate from mesoderm germ layer;

act to connect, anchor, and support (dense irregular ct produces tough coverings that package organs)

includes bone, cartilage, blood, adipose

Question 3

Embryonic germ layer tissues

Answer 3

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Question 4

epithelial cells

Answer 4

simple is a single layer of epithelial cells
stratified is more than one layer of epithelial cells

cover structures and line the walls of body cavities
Rest on basal lamina or basement membrane with a free side (Apical surface)
are avascular, therefore relatively thin since they received materials via diffusion from adjacent tissue’s blood vessels
simple squamous epithelium allows diffusion through membrane

Question 5

vertebrate glands

Answer 5

derived from invaginated epithelium (typically cuboidal); endocrine glands and exocrine glands

Question 6

squamous cell shape

Answer 6

flattened irregular shape and tapered edges

Question 7

cuboidal cell shape

Answer 7

cubed shape, often found in glands

Question 8

columnar cell shape

Answer 8

cylinder shaped shells that contain goblet cells that secrete mucus

Question 9

exocrine glands

Answer 9

type of vertebrate gland.

exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts onto a free surface

Question 10

endocrine glands

Answer 10

secrete hormones that travel through bloodstream

Question 11

epidermis protection

Answer 11

provided via keratin (waterproofing protein)
stratified squamous
outer layer of dead squamous

Question 12

cartilage

Answer 12

composed of glycoproteins (chondroitin) and collagen fibers

Question 13

chondrocytes

Answer 13

cartilage cells

Question 14

bone

Answer 14

a special form of connective tissue; organic extracellular matrix of collagen fibers and salt crystals; serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions; bone marrow is a site for blood cell formations

Question 15

osteocyte

Answer 15

living bone cell found in lacunae within an extracellular matrix hardened with calcium phosphate crystals; communicate with other osteocytes through canaliculi

Question 16

vertebrate locomotion

Answer 16

contraction of skeletal muscles anchored via tendons to bones

Question 17

muscle cells

Answer 17

cells that contract or shorten
unique in relative abundance and organization of actin and myosin fibers contained in myofibrils

skeletal
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

Question 18

skeletal muscle

Answer 18

multi-nucleated, striated, and voluntary

found connected to bone for locomotion

Question 19

cardiac muscle

Answer 19

mono-nucleated, striated, and involuntary
found in heart
contain intercalated disks (gap junctions for direct interconnections)

Question 20

smooth muscle

Answer 20

mono-nucleated, unstriated, and involuntary

found surrounding hollow tubes and cavities of organs

Question 21

neurons

Answer 21

excitable cells that produce and conduct electrochemical impulses

include cell body (contains nucleus and organelles), dendrites (highly branched extensions that conduct impulses toward the cell body); axon (single cytoplasmic extension that conducts impulses away from cell body)

Question 22

neuroglia

Answer 22

do not conduct electrical impulses

support and insulate neurons and eliminate foreign materials in and around neurons

Question 23

myelin sheath

Answer 23

insulating cover formed by glial cells around axons

Question 24

nervous system

Answer 24

CNS (brain and spinal cord)

+ PNS (nerves and ganglia)

Question 25

homeostasis

Answer 25

The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain a relatively constant internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes

Question 26

feedback mechanisms

Answer 26

process includes stimulus, sensor, set point, integrating center, effector, response * Be able to identify examples of each of these descriptors from a system such as those used in lecture. Consider: Negative feedback minimizes change (often through antagonistic effectors) while positive feedback emphasizes change.

Question 27

body temperature

Answer 27

controlled by hypothalamus | a rise in the set point (as in the induction phase of a fever) would trigger muscles contracting causing shivers

Question 28

Why does size influence metabolism?

Answer 28

the smaller the animal, the more energy is needed, the faster the metabolism. The more surface area.

Question 29

ectotherm

Answer 29

an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat.

Question 30

endotherm

Answer 30

An organism that is internally warmed by a heat-generating metabolic process

Question 31

negative feedback

Answer 31

feedback minimizes change (often through antagonistic effectors) want to restore to 0

Question 32

Which major tissue type exhibits the shortening of its cells (i.e., contraction) as a major function?

Answer 32

muscle

Question 33

negative feedback

Answer 33

feedback minimizes change (often through antagonistic effectors) want to restore to 0

Question 34

Which of the following tissue types is specialized to conduct electrical signals?

Answer 34

Nervous

Question 35

Which of the following tissue types are attached to a basal lamina or basement membrane?

Answer 35

Epithelial

Question 36

Basal lamina

Answer 36

thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues

Question 37

Connective tissue serves to support and bind other tissues. Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue?

Answer 37

FAT

Question 38

Which of the following tissue types is characterized by having cells suspended within an extracellular matrix consisting of a mixture of fibrous proteins and carbohydrates?

Answer 38

connective

Question 39

Collagen is a tough, stretch-resistant protein. You would be most likely to find collagen in which tissue type?

Answer 39

Connective

Question 40

In all animals, the largest percentage of the body's fluids are located in the:

Answer 40

intracellular compartment

Question 41

The barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments in an animal or plant is the

Answer 41

Plasma membrane

Question 42

Which of the following would NOT be an example of negative feedback control in homeostasis?

Answer 42

During the birth process, stretch receptors in the uterus stimulate the release of oxytocin from the pituitary gland. This stimulates uterine muscle contraction that increases stimulation of the stretch receptors.

Question 43

Which of the following would NOT be an example of negative feedback control in homeostasis?

Answer 43

During the birth process, stretch receptors in the uterus stimulate the release of oxytocin from the pituitary gland. This stimulates uterine muscle contraction that increases stimulation of the stretch receptors.

Question 44

epithelial tissues do what?

Answer 44

form barriers or boundaries absorb nutrients in the digestive tract allows exchange of gases in the lung

Question 45

connective tissues have what?

Answer 45

extracellular matrix

Question 46

skeletal muscles contain ?

Answer 46

multiple nuclei

Question 47

smooth muscle sites are?

Answer 47

the lining of the blood vessels the iris of the eyes the wall of the digestive tract