Exam 2 Chapter 25 Seedless plants

Question 1

Origin of land plants

Answer 1

Shared a common ancestor with algae 1BYA, most likely one single species gave rise to all terrestrial linages.

Closest living relative to land plants is green algae.

Question 2

Kingdom Viridiplantae or Plantae

Answer 2

Make the connection from Prokaryotes 3.5BYA to Eukaryotic cells ~2.1 bya & multicellular organisms not until ~700 mya.
Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts (from cyanobacteria) through endosymbiosis which thought to be giving rise to Kingdom of ‘green plants’; arose from a charophycean (green algae) . Look at the transition from salt water to freshwater and then land. From marine green algae, to almost “amphian*” plants also called nontracheophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworth) freshwater to land plants with several adaptations.

Question 3

Where do mangroves fit in evolution of plants ?

Answer 3

?

Question 4

Green Algae

Answer 4

The green algae split into two major clades:

• Chlorophytes which never made it to land
• Charophytes predecessor of terrestrial plants.

Algae display a zygotic life cycle with a one cell diploid zygote while bryophytes and other plants exhibit a sporic life cycle with alternation of generations

Question 5

Charophyta

Answer 5

sister clade to all the land plants. (green algae)

Question 6

Tracheophytes

Answer 6

include all land plants EXCEPT Bryophytes (liverworts, mosses, hornworts).
Word comes from Tracheid

Vascular plants
include seven extant phyla grouped in three clades
Lycophytes (club mosses)
Pterophytes (ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails)
Seed plants
Gametophyte has been reduced in size relative to the sporophyte during the evolution of tracheophytes
Similar reduction in multicellular gametangia has occurred as well

Question 7

Land plants evolved from?

Answer 7

freshwater algae

Question 8

water conservation methods

Answer 8

Waxy cuticle, spores, stomata (mouth shaped openings which allow water to diffuse out at the same time gas diffusion into an out of the plant is occurring), tracheids (specialized vascular cells that facilitate the transport of water and minerals).

Question 9

stomata

Answer 9

mouth shaped openings which allow water to diffuse out at the same time gas diffusion into an out of the plant is occurring

Question 10

desiccation

Answer 10

makes it hard for organisms to survive on land

Question 11

vascular systems

Answer 11

Adaptation for more effective water dispersal within plants.

Vascular tissue offers physical support of plant and transportation of water, minerals, organic compounds.

Question 12

Bryophytes

Answer 12

only kind of plant with NO vascular members.
reproduce via spores.
No seeds, no flowers.

include: liverworts, mosses, hornworts.

Question 13

why was development of seed an adaptation compared to spores?

Answer 13

seeds are tougher, higher resistance to pathogens, and can remain dormant and survive unfavorable conditions. Seed production does not require water as medium for sperm transport.

Question 14

mosses

Answer 14

have primitive conducting systems; moss leaves and true leaves both have chlorophyll a and b; although land plants, are still tied to water because of their flagellated sperm produced in antheridia

the female gamete (produced in archegonia) of mosses is haploid, has no flagella, is produced by gametophyte generation, and is larger than male gamete

Question 15

Ferns

Answer 15

Most abundant group of seedless vascular plants. Coal formed from forests 300 MYA.
Conspicuous sporophyte and much smaller gametophyte are both photosynthetic. Take a look at the reproductive cycle.

Question 16

non vascular plants are

Answer 16

Bryophytes: liverworts, hornworts, mosses

Question 17

function of archegonium

Answer 17

multicellular structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants, producing and containing the ovum or female gamete.

The corresponding male organ is called the antheridium.