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MUSC Physiology > EXAM 2 Vascular System > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Arteriolar smooth muscle contraction results in increased vascular resistance, reducing ______.

A

capillary perfusion

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2
Q

Most capillaries are between __ and ___ µm in diameter

A

5-10µm

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3
Q

blushing is related to _____.

A

precapillary sphincters

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4
Q

Capillaries can dilate with ______.

A

increased arteriolar pressure

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5
Q

Size of capillaries are just big enough to allow _____ through in “single file”.

A

red blood cells

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6
Q

The entrance into capillary beds are surrounded by ______.

A

smooth muscle precapillary sphincters

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7
Q

precapillary sphincters are Smooth muscle that responds to ______ substances

A

vasoconstrictor

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8
Q

capillary pressure is low or high?

A

low

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9
Q

pressure inside the capillary

A

35 to 15 mmHg

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10
Q

% of the blood volume is in capillaries

A

5%

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11
Q

What exchanges in the capillaries?

A

gases, nutrients, and wastes

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12
Q

how is the flow in capillaries?

A

Flow is slow and

continuous

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13
Q

Capillaries allow transport by ____.

A

vesicle movement

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14
Q

Three layers of artery and vein

A

Tunica Externa (adventitia)
Tunica Media
Tunica Intima

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15
Q

Strong outer covering of arteries and veins

Consists of connective tissues (collagen and elastic fibers on external elastic lamina)

A

Tunica Externa (adventitia)

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16
Q

Middle layers of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Thicker in arteries than veins

A

Tunica Media

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17
Q

Inner layer in direct contact with the blood

Elastic basement membrane (elastic lamina) covered by endothelial cells

A

Tunica Intima

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18
Q

Each layer of artery and vein is separated from the next by ______ (external and internal)

A

elastic lamina

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19
Q

Walls of large arteries contain a large amount of what two things?

A 
smooth muscle (media) 
elastic tissue (thick elastic laminas)
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20
Q

Laminas stretch during _____.

A

systole

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21
Q

Laminas recoil during _____.

A

diastole

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22
Q

Vascular smooth muscle of arteries is innervated by___.

A

SNS

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23
Q

is PNS involved with innervation of arteries?

A

no

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24
Q

major site of vascular resistance (BP)

A

arterioles

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25
Q

Constriction of artery increases

________.

A

resistance and blood pressure

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26
Q

dilation of artery decreases ____.

A

blood pressure

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27
Q

what cushion the cardiac pulsation and convert intermittent blood flow to steady flow

A

arteries

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28
Q

Aorta expands during ______ to accommodate flow (SV)

A

systole

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29
Q

Aorta recoils during _____ to maintain pressure and arterial flow

A

diastole

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30
Q

large artery Pressure increases during _____

A

systole (systolic BP)

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31
Q

large artery Pressure is partially maintained during ______ by elastic recoil

A

diastole (diastolic BP)

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32
Q

Arteriolar smooth muscle contraction results in_________.

A

increased vascular resistance

which reduces capillary perfusion

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33
Q

Most capillaries are between__ and ___in diameter

A

5 and 10 µm

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34
Q

size of capillaries is sufficient enough to let in ___.

A

red blood cells

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35
Q

Capillaries can dilate with _____.

A

increased arteriolar pressure

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36
Q

The entrance into capillary beds are surrounded by _______.

A

smooth muscle precapillary sphincters

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37
Q

Smooth muscle that responds to vasoconstrictor substances

A

precapillary sphincters

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38
Q

Pressure inside capillary is ___ (low pressure)

A

35 to 15 mmHg

39
Q

what % of the blood volume is in capillaries

A

5%

40
Q

exchange of what 3 things occur in capillaries?

A

Exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes

41
Q

how is flow in capillaries?

A

slow and continuous

42
Q

example of capillary movement through both fenestrations and incomplete basement membranes

A

Sinuosoidal

43
Q

Fenestrations regulate _____.

A

size of molecules passing through them

44
Q

these are readily permeable across capillary endothelial cells and basement membranes

A

O2, CO2 and other gases

45
Q

these are freely transportable across capillary (except BBB)

A

Nutrients (FA, AA, vitamins, minerals)

46
Q

Cells and large proteins held inside the ___.

A

capillary lumen

47
Q

Lipoprotein particles (chylomicrons, LDL, HDL, VLDL) are metabolized where?

A

endothelial surface via lipoprotein receptors, enzymes

ex: lipoprotein lipase

48
Q

Contain relatively little smooth muscle, but can constrict with sympathetic stimulation and endothelins

A

veins and venules

49
Q

Midsize and large veins have _____ to prevent retrograde (backward) flow

A

one-way valves

50
Q

are one-way valves present in great veins?

A

no

51
Q

these are not present in the very small veins and venules, the “great” veins (e.g., vena cava), or the veins from the brain and viscera

A

one-way valves

52
Q

what compresses veins and forces blood to flow through one-way valves towards the heart

A

Skeletal muscle contraction

53
Q

Excessive pressures within veins can cause ____.

A

failure of valves and/or dilatation of veins (varicose veins)

54
Q

these have highest compliance

A

veins

55
Q

vessel that can contain largest amount of blood volume

A

Veins

56
Q

referred to as “capacitance vessels”

A

veins

57
Q

the smaller the vessel, the ___ the blood flows through

A

slower

58
Q

fluid balance Is maintained by

A 
Hydrostatic (blood pressure) 
colloid osmotic (blood protein content)
Endothelial junction integrity
59
Q

Collect plasma from the interstitial spaces and return to the blood

A

lymphatic vessels

60
Q

lymphatic vessels Begin with

A

closed-ended vessels with porous walls

61
Q

lymphatic vessels Coalesce into larger vessels and have what to assure single direction flow?

A

one-way valves

62
Q

where are Lymph nodes located?

A

along the course of flow and lymph passes through

63
Q

where do lymphatic vessels end?

A

thoracic duct

64
Q

where does the thoracic duct empty?

A

left subclavian vein

65
Q

what forces lymph to flow in one direction due to the presence of one-way valves (same process as veins)

A

Skeletal muscle contraction

66
Q

Blood pressure affected by (5)

A
  1. Arterial resistance (constriction, stenosis)
  2. Products of the endothelium
  3. Arterial compliance (ability to stretch and recoil)
  4. Hormonal control
  5. Central (CNS) and autonomic control (nervous input, circulating effectors)
67
Q

Anytime we injure endothelial cells what increases?

A

blood pressure

68
Q

Healthy Endothelium has 2 things

A

Vasodilators

Antithrombotic factors

69
Q

examples of Antithrombotic factors

A

prostacyclin, thrombomodulin, antithrombin, plasminogen activator, heparin

70
Q

examples of vasodilators

A

nitric oxide [NO], prostacyclin

71
Q

“Injured” Endothelium has 2 things

A

Vasoconstrictors

Prothrombotic factors

72
Q

Prothrombotic factors examples

A

von Willebrand’s factor, thromboxane, factor V, thromboplastin, platelet activating factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor

73
Q

Vasoconstrictors examples

A

ACE, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, endothelin

74
Q

the predominant neurotransmitters affecting vascular tone

A

Norepinephrine (synaptic) and epinephrine (adrenal)

75
Q

sympathetic vascular control deals with

A

Norepinephrine (synaptic) and epinephrine (adrenal) affecting vascular tone

76
Q

Alpha-adreno receptors

Associated mainly with

A

with increased contractibility of vascular smooth muscle and intestinal relaxation

77
Q

Alpha1 (α1) receptor stimulation results in

A

smooth muscle contraction in peripheral blood vessels

78
Q

Alpha2 (α2 ) receptor stimulation stimulation results in

A

in relaxation of GI smooth muscle and minor effects on blood vessel smooth muscle (contractile and dilatory effects)

79
Q

Beta1 (β1) receptor stimulation results in

A

cardiac stimulation and lipolysis

80
Q

Beta2 (β2 ) receptor stimulation results in

A

bronchodilation, relaxation of skeletal muscle blood vessels, and muscle glycogenolysis

81
Q

Beta-adrenoreceptors

Associated with

A

vasodilation and relaxation of nonintestinal smooth muscle and cardiac stimulation

82
Q

Hypertension in diabetes comes from

A

endothelial cell dysfunction

83
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

are from the ___,

A

adrenal medulla

84
Q

when are Naturetic peptides

produced?

A

with atrial and ventricular stretch

85
Q

reunions comes from the ___.

A

kidney

86
Q

angiotensin is a plasma protein from the ___.

A

liver

87
Q

aldosterone comes from the ____.

A

adrenal cortex

88
Q

ADH/ Vasopressin is from the ____.

A

posterior pituitary

89
Q

Cuff pressure > systolic BP – what is sound?

A

No sound (no arterial flow)

90
Q

The first sound heard in Bp

A

is just below peak systolic BP

91
Q

when taking BP, Sounds are heard while ___.

A

cuff pressure < systolic BP but > diastolic BP

92
Q

when taking BP, when does sound disappear?

A

when cuff pressure < diastolic BP (no flow resistance or turbulance)

93
Q

what maintains higher diastolic pressure?

A

compliance

94
Q

gravity affects what pressure?

A

venous pressure

MUSC Physiology (12 decks)

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