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MUSC Physiology > EXAM 1 Skeletal System > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

membrane covering bone except at articular surfaces

A

periosteum

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2
Q

lines the inner spaces of spongy bone, medullary cavities, and aversion canals of compact bone

A

endosteum

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3
Q

____ bone is formed in layers

A

mature

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4
Q

diaphysis contains ____.

A

marrow

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5
Q

end of long bone is called

A

epiphysis

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6
Q

why are epiphysis broader?

A

to support weight and avoid bending

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7
Q

after puberty the growth plate is lost, what merges?

A

metaphysis and epiphysis.

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8
Q

osteocytes are derived from

A

osteoblasts

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9
Q

where are osteocytes located?

A

in the lacunae.

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10
Q

how are lucanae connected to each other?

A

canaliculi

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11
Q

growth in length of long bones occurs at the ___.

A

epiphyseal growth plate.

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12
Q

what Is calcitonin secreted by?

A

parafollicular (c cells) of the thyroid.

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13
Q

what makes up the skeletal system?

A

bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

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14
Q

connect muscle to bone

A

tendon

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15
Q

connect bone to bone

A

ligament

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16
Q

allows stretch with rapid return to normal

A

elastin

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17
Q

firm, flexible type of connective tissue

A

cartilage

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18
Q

does cartilage have blood vessels?

A

no

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19
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

elastin. hyaline, fibrocartilage

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20
Q

type of cartilage that forms articulating surfaces

A

hyaline

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21
Q

most abundant type of cartilage

A

hyaline

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22
Q

cartilage that forms intervertebral disks, tendon connection to bone, and symphysis pubis

A

fibrocartilage

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23
Q

cartilage is formed by ____.

A

chondrocyte

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24
Q

chondrocytes are found in the

A

lacunae

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25
Q

immature bone is called _____.

A

woven bone

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26
Q

lamellar bone is mature bone that is formed in ____.

A

layers

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27
Q

membrane covering bone except at articular surface

A

periosteum

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28
Q

lines the inner spaces of spongy bone, medullary cavities, and haversion canals of compact bone

A

endosteum

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29
Q

this is between diaphysis and epiphysis in growing bones

A

metaphysis

30
Q

type of bone that is in interior of flat bones, epiphysis, and metaphysis

A

Cancellous (spongy) bone

31
Q

type of bone that forms outer shell, has densely packed calcium matrix

A

COMPACT (CORTICAL) BONE

32
Q

the cells become osteoblasts when stimulated

A

osteoprogenitor cells

33
Q

undifferentiated stromal cells located in the periosteum, endosteum, and epiphyseal plate

A

osteoprogenitor cells

34
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

periosteum, endosteum,

epiphyseal plate

35
Q

osteoblasts form _____ on which calcium apatite and other minerals are deposited

A

protein matrix

36
Q

cells that enhance calcification of osteoid

A

osteoblasts

37
Q

when do osteoblast number increase?

A

bone growth

38
Q

where are osteocytes derived from

A

osteoblasts

39
Q

when do osteoblasts turn into osteocytes

A

as they mature within bone

40
Q

where are osteocytes located?

A

lacunae

41
Q

what Contributes to bone remodeling by sensing bone stress-strain and communicating to osteoblasts and osteoclasts the need to build or remove bone

A

osteocytes

42
Q

cells in charge of bone “remodeling”

A

osteocytes

43
Q

bone removing cells

A

osteoclasts

44
Q

what do osteoclasts dissolve when removing bone?

A

calcium hydroxyapatite

45
Q

Lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes and matrix metalloproteases are secreted to degrade _____.

A

bone protein matrix

46
Q

what enhances activity of osteoclasts?

A 
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), 
   and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D
47
Q

what decreases activity of osteoclasts?

A

Calcitonin, estrogen, testosterone

48
Q

where do osteoclasts come from?

A

red bone marrow

49
Q

regulates cancer production in bone

A

Parathyroid hormone

50
Q

when does bone growth predominate?

A

first 20-30 years

51
Q

Starts as predominantly protein matrix (hyaline cartilage) which begins _____ from center out

A

calcifying

52
Q

Growth in length of long bones occurs at the

______.

A

epiphyseal growth plate

53
Q

what lengthens the diaphysis?

A

when Chondrocytes multiply and secrete cartilage into the metaphysis

54
Q

Osteoblasts enhance _____ deposition

A

hydroxyapatite

55
Q

when does growth in length stop?

A

when epiphyseal plate chondrocytes stop protein matrix production

56
Q

Factors Affecting Bone Growth

A

Separation or injury to epiphyseal plate, Mechanical stress, Nutritional status, Hormones

57
Q

what increases serum calcium when serum calcium is low

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

58
Q

how does calcitonin reduce blood calcium?

A

Inhibiting calcium absorption from the GI tract,
Inhibiting osteoclast activity,
Inhibiting kidney calcium and phosphate reabsorption

59
Q

when is calcitonin released?

A

Released in response to elevated serum calcium or elevated gastrin

60
Q

cells that secrete calcitonin

A

parafollicular (C cells) of the thyroid

61
Q

how does vitamin d become active hormone?

A

Hydroxylation in liver to 25-OH,

Hydroxylated in kidney to 1,25-OH (active form), which increases GI absorption of Ca++ and promotes PTH actions

62
Q

name of vitamin D3, most active

A

Cholecalciferol

63
Q

name of vitamin d2, in vitamin pills

A

Ergocalciferal

64
Q

Effects of Vitamin D include

A

Increasing calcium and phosphate absorption from GI tract,
Increase calcium and phosphate reabsorption from kidney,
Stimulate osteoclast activity,
Net effect to increase serum calcium and phosphate

65
Q

people with liver and kidney disfunction will probably develop ____.

A

osteoporosis

66
Q

Inner layer of joint capsule secretes this

A

synovial fluid

67
Q

function of synovial fluid

A

lubricant

68
Q

what are bursae?

A

Closed sacs containing synovial fluid

69
Q

function of bursae?

A

Prevent friction between tendon / skin and tendon / bone

70
Q

is bursae part of the joint?

A

no

MUSC Physiology (12 decks)

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