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MUSC Physiology > EXAM 1 Muscular System > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

similarities between muscle cells and action potentials

A

excitable
Conducts electric impulses by action potentials
Cell membrane is polarized at rest

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2
Q

muscle that is voluntary

A

skeletal

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3
Q

muscles begin and end with ____.

A

tendons

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4
Q

individual muscle cells form the _____.

A

contractile elements

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5
Q

arrangement of muscle fibers between tendons

A

parallel

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6
Q

muscle cells are rich in _______.

A

mitochondria

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7
Q

muscle cell’s plasma membrane

A

sarcolemma

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8
Q

contractile bundles arranged parallel to the muscle cell length

A

myofibrils

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9
Q

the fundamental contractile unit of a muscle cell

A

sarcomere

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10
Q

sarcomere consists of 3 things

A

z disk, thin filaments, thick filaments

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11
Q

thick filament which overlap between thin filaments in sarcomere

A

myosin

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12
Q

thin filaments (3)

A

actin, tropomyosin, troponin

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13
Q

lines at the end of sarcomere

A

z disk

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14
Q

which troponin is not in heart muscle

A

troponin c

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15
Q

amino acid NT

A

GABA

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16
Q

Monoamine neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine

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17
Q

catecholamine NT

A

dopamine norepinephrine, epinephrine

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18
Q

system made up of tubular membranes surrounding myofibrils

A

sarcotubular system

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19
Q

stores and releases calcium in muscle cell

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

is sarcolemma myelinated?

A

no

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21
Q

role of transverse tubules in sarcotubular system

A

Provide path for the rapid transmission of the action potential from the sarcolemma to the myofibrils

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22
Q

type of proteins that troponin and calmodulin are

A

binding proteins

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23
Q

what is required for contraction of all muscle typea

A

calcium

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24
Q

calcium binding protein that skeletal and cardiac muscle use?

A

troponin

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25
Q

calcium binding protein that smooth muscle uses?

A

calmodulin

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26
Q

these form the contractile elements in all muscle types

A

actin and myosin

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27
Q

source of calcium in skeletal muscle

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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28
Q

source of calcium in smooth and cardiac muscle

A

SR and extracellular fluid via voltage gated Ca++ channels

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29
Q

4 sequential action of skeletal muscle contraction

A
  1. cross bridge
  2. power stroke
  3. myosin heads unhook
  4. myosin heads resets
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30
Q

what do myosin heads bind to?

A

active actin sites

31
Q

during the power stroke phase, myosin changes shape and does what?

A

pulls thin actin-tropomyosin strand toward M line

32
Q

when is ADP released in the action of a skeletal muscle

A

during the power stroke phase

33
Q

what must occur to result in recocking of the myosin head

A

ATP binds to myosin and is cleaved to ADP and Pi

34
Q

what do you need to repeat the skeletal muscle contraction cycle?

A

ATP and calcium

35
Q

in skeletal and cardiac muscle, contraction is inhibited by

A

tropomyosin–troponin

36
Q

in smooth muscle, contraction is inhibited by

A

tropomyosin–calmodulin

37
Q

why does rigor mortis happen?

A

death results in the cessation of ATP production, cross bridges become locked in place (muscles stiffen)

38
Q

ultimate energy source for muscle

A

ATP

39
Q

What can replenish ATP for short periods?

A

creatinine phosphate

40
Q

when is creatine phosphate most important?

A

high intensity anaerobic activity

41
Q

during rest and low intensity activity, what is the primary fuel?

A

free fatty acids from diet and adipose tissue

42
Q

primary fuel during strenuous activity?

A

glucose

43
Q

in the Cory cycle, what is transferred back to pyruvate and then into glucose?

A

lactate

44
Q

the junction between the motor neuron and muscle fiber

A

motor end plate`

45
Q

what is a muscle twitch

A

brief contraction followed by relaxation from a single action potential

46
Q

fibers specialized for endurance

A

slow fibers

47
Q

slow fibers rely mainly on aerobic respiration, which means they prefer ___.

A

fat

48
Q

fiber type predominate in posture muscles

A

slow oxidative. fibers TYPE 1

49
Q

fiber type predominant in action muscles

A

fast oxidative fibers type 2A

50
Q

fibers specialized for quick strong contractions

A

fast fibers type 2b

51
Q

fiber predominate in eyes and fingers

A

fast fibers type 2b

52
Q

Contraction against a constant load with a reduction in muscle length

A

Isotonic: Same tension

53
Q

Force is produced and work IS performed

in what type of muscle contraction?

A

Isotonic: Same tension

54
Q

Force is produced but no work is performed

in what type of muscle contraction?

A

Isometric: Same length

55
Q

Contraction occurs without a large decrease in the length of the whole muscle

A

Isometric: Same length

56
Q

examples of when isometric contraction is used

A

standing, sitting, posture

57
Q

contraction that produces movement

A

Isotonic Contraction

58
Q

what Is tetany?

A

sustained involuntary muscle contraction

59
Q

when tetanic contraction occurs in isolated muscles, it is called _____.

A

cramping

60
Q

when does tetanic contraction occur?

A

Rapid repeated electrical stimulation
causes Repeated activation of contractile mechanism
this results in continuous contraction (tetanus)

61
Q

Charlie horse is an example of an _____

A

titanic contraction

62
Q

example of electrical stimulation causing tetany

A

stun gun

63
Q

what are fasiculations

A

Jerky, visible contractions of small groups of muscle fibers (same as a “twitch”)

64
Q

Fine, irregular contractions of individual fibers is called______.

A

fibrillation

65
Q

What is the calcium-binding protein of the skeletal muscle contractile apparatus?

A

Troponin

66
Q

cardiac muscle cells are interconnected by

A

“intercalated discs”

67
Q

muscle that Prefers fat as energy substrate

A

cardiac muscle

68
Q

when cells function as a unit it is referred to as ____.

A

Syncytium

69
Q

muscle cells that Line walls of most hollow organs

A

smooth

70
Q

in vascular, smooth muscle regulates ____.

A

blood flow and pressure

71
Q

too much bronchial constriction is referred to as __.

A

asthma

72
Q

too much arterial and venous dilation is referred to as _____.

A

septic shock

73
Q

is smooth muscle striated?

A

no

74
Q

The wave-like pattern of pain associated with SM contraction is called

A

“colicky” pain

MUSC Physiology (12 decks)

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