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MUSC Physiology > EXAM 1 Cell and Molec > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Cell and Molec Flashcards

1
Q

helps DNA condense into chromatin

A

histones

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2
Q

mRNA is synthesized here

A

nucleus

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3
Q

these allow organ formation and cell to cell interaction

A

intercellular junctions

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4
Q

highest strength of intercellular junctions

A

tight junctions

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5
Q

intercellular junction that helps adhere to basil lamina

A

hemidesmosome

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6
Q

intercellular junctions that allow small molecule passage

A

gap junctions

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7
Q

in cell membrane, center of bilayer is _____.

A

hydrophobic

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8
Q

proteins that penetrate into cell membrane

A

integral

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9
Q

hydrophilic proteins associated with outside of membrane

A

peripheral

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10
Q

microtubules and microfilaments are what type of proteins?

A

cytoskeletal proteins

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11
Q

functions of cytoskeletal proteins

A

maintain shape, allow movement, facilitate polarity, cytotoxic transport

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12
Q

examples of muscular motors

A

actin, myosin, dyenin, kinesin

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13
Q

vesicles that contain large amounts of lytic enzymes

A

lysosomes

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14
Q

lysosomes role

A

degrade molecules

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15
Q

site of most ATP production

A

mitochondria

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16
Q

B-oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation occur here

A

mitochondria

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17
Q

when nucleotides are degraded what is produced?

A

URIC acid

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18
Q

what causes gout?

A

accumulation of uric acid

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19
Q

in chemotherapy why do patients uric acid levels climb?

A

a lot of cell death occurring

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20
Q

formed from a SINGLE chain of nucleotides

A

RNA

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21
Q

secreted proteins are made on the ________

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

coding parts of DNA are called____.

A

EXONS

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23
Q

noncoding parts of DNA are called ____.

A

INTRONS

24
Q

Deamination yields _____.

A

urea

25
Q

what starts Urea cycle?

A

NH4

26
Q

lab tests that are important functions of liver damage

A

ALT, AST

27
Q

When the Krebs cycle is unable to process acetyl-coA, what is produced?

A

KETONES

28
Q

If there are ketones in urine, pt is using a high level of ____ for energy.

A

fat

29
Q

pathway that uses amino acids and turns it back into glucose

A

gluconeogenesis

30
Q

Energy source in fat

A

long carbon chains

31
Q

In B-oxidation, for each acetyl- coA, we can obtain ___ ATP

A

18

32
Q

process where glycogen can be turned back into glucose

A

glycogenolysis

33
Q

pathway that starts with pyruvate and will end up with 36 ATP per glucose

A

Krebs cycle

34
Q

does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

no

35
Q

pathway where we get 2 ATP per glucose molecule

A

glycolosis

36
Q

the ultimate source of energy for biological reactions are compounds with _____.

A

high-energy phosphate bonds

37
Q

what is normal plasma osmolality?

A

285-295 mOsm/kg

38
Q

osmolality is calculated by what three compounds in blood?

A

sodium, glucose, blood-urea nitrogen

39
Q

causes cells to swell

A

hypotonic solution

40
Q

solution that causes cell to shrink

A

hypertonic

41
Q

primary cation in ECF

A

sodium

42
Q

primary anion in ECF

A

chloride

43
Q

primary cation in ICF

A

potassium

44
Q

how do capillaries separate blood from interstitial fluid?

A

basement membranes

45
Q

blood and interstitial fluid make up the _____.

A

extracellular fluid

46
Q

makes up 2/3 of total body fluid

A

intracellular fluid

47
Q

% of blood plasma in human fluid

A

5%

48
Q

ECF and ICF make up what percent of body weight?

A

55-65%

49
Q

normal somatic cells are _____.

A

diploid

50
Q

phase in mitosis where initial cell growth begins

A

G1

51
Q

mitosis phase that most cells are in

A

G0

52
Q

dna synthesis occurs to form tetraploid cells in this phase of mitosis

A

S phase

53
Q

mitosis phase that has continued cell growth before division

A

G2

54
Q

cell division phase of mitosis

A

M Phase

55
Q

cell proliferation in germ cells is done by ____.

A

meiosis

56
Q

in meiosis, chromatids separate to form how many haploid cells?

A

4

MUSC Physiology (12 decks)

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