Exam 2-Vaccines Flashcards
Active immunity
aquired through direct exposure to anitigen– produces antibodies, takes time, and develops memory/lasting
Passive imunity
aquired indirectly by donation of preformed antibodies produced in another human or animal– protection without prior exposure, acts immediately, does not create memory/short term
vaccines are what
artificial immunity that are active
passive artificial immunity
immunotherapy
types of acquired immunity
Natural and artificial
can cross placenta
IgG
immune serum globulin
pooled serum of 1000s of donors antibodies-antiserum
Specific immune globulin
serum from donors who have a previous known exposure
Antitoxin
an antibody which binds bacterial endotoxin or toxin in snake venom
Antibody response of attenuated vaccines
Good; IgA and IgG; also infects APC because lit is live; so NO boosters required (memory)
antibody response of inactivated vaccines
good; IgG; requires boosters b/c not good cell mediated response b/c it does NOT infect APC; ONLY good antibody response
Vaccine-
good Antibody response only
inactivated vaccine
Vaccine- Good antibody and Cell Mediated Response
Live-attenuated vaccines b/c they do infect APC
True or False–in order for Memory T and B cells to be activated, APCs must be infected
False, they can simply engulf the antigen
True or False–in order for Memory Killer T cells to be activated, the APC must be infected
True; APC is infected, digests the antigen into peptides using proteosome, and presents to CD8+ cells via MHC1
attenuated
live
inactivated
inactive or killed whole agent or subunit
subunit vaccines often require
adjuvant; because they are too small/weak to induce a strong immune response on their own; adjuvant enhances antigenecity by stimulating dendritic cells and macrophages; Alum is most common example
Alum
most common adjuvant; helps stimulate a response by subunit vaccines by stimulating dendritic and macrophages
Types of Subunit Vaccines
Toxoids-Polysacchardides-Conjugate–virus-like particles–recombinant vaccines
Toxoids
subunit vaccine which has inactive exotoxin (still has antigenic epitopes)
Polysaccharide Vaccines
contain capsule (made of polysaccharides)
Conjugate vaccines
polysaccharides (usually capsules) linked to large proteins
Virus like particles
capsid w/o genomes
recombinant vaccines
inject DNA which encodes the antigen
Why link a polysaccharide vaccine to a protein?
To elicit a T-dependent response b/c polysaccharides only elicit T independent response which is not as strong and does not have memory
Recombinant Vaccines
use genetically enigineered microbes or microbial agents (DNA Vaccines-which encodes for an antigen)-can be done enogenously or exogenously
serotype
having one means that the antigen of that org does not change so likely means the outer surface of that org does not change
Good canidate for vaccine development
- one serotype
- illness
- heat stable
- antibody blocks infection or spread
Herd immunity
achieved when a critical portion of population is immune to disease; confers the indirect protection for those who cant become immune
percentage to achieve herd immunity
roughly 85%
Who cannot become immune
- immunocomprimised
- infants
- elderly (decreased immune response)
- allergies to vaccine
- pregnant woman (b/c cross placenta)
inflammation after a vaccine means
it is working!!
