Exam 2 Innate Immunity

Question 1

First line of defense

Answer 1

• Skin with high pH, stratified epithelium, and microbiota
• next is mucous membrane which has columnar epithelium, cilia
• last is chemical barrier of defensins, acidic stomach, lactoferrin, and lysozyme

Question 2

defensins

Answer 2

cationic antimicrobial peptides; destroy membrane of bacteria

Question 3

lactoferrins

Answer 3

lock up iron

Question 4

lysozyme

Answer 4

in tears/saliva and digests glycosidic bonds between NAM and NAG

Question 5

progenitor cell of innate

Answer 5

lymphoid

Question 6

progenitor cell of adaptive

Answer 6

myeloid –> macrophage progenitor

Question 7

Phagocytes

Answer 7

Neutrophils (fast and short-lived-PMNs), Macrophages (long-lived), Eosinophils (motile-attack multicellular parasites)

Question 8

Inflammatory cells

Answer 8

Mast Cells (histamine); non motile in serosa, capable of phagocytosis and involved in allergies (IgE)

Question 9

Innate cells

Answer 9

Dendritic cells (initiate adaptive-phagocytic), NK cells (attack infected host and cancer cells-intra; can also kill extracellular with antibody)

Question 10

Dendritic Cell

Answer 10

a phagocytic innate cell that will activate T cells b/c it is an APC

Question 11

NK cells

Answer 11

innate killer cell; kills intracellular infected cells and also extracellular ones marked by antibodies

Question 12

PAMPS

Answer 12

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns: highly conserved, not on humans, non-specific recognition using specific molecules such as LPS, peptidoglycans, flagella, and some ncltds

Question 13

Binds PAMPs

Answer 13

PRR (pattern recognition receptor) and Toll-like receptor; also Macrophages and some innate cells; can be bound by antibodies and opsonized

Question 14

binds opsonin

Answer 14

Fc receptors-recognize IgG

Question 15

Opsonize PAMPS

Answer 15

C3b and IgG antibody

Question 16

Phagocytes bind what on PAMPs

Answer 16

bind to opsonin (C3b) and engulfs/phagocytosis

Question 17

Acute Inflammation

Answer 17

initial inflammation response to contain, destroy, and remove pathogens; move immune cells and inflammatory proteins to site; 5 R’s

Question 18

5 R’s of Acute inflammation

Answer 18

Recognize (dead or foreign cells as PAMPS), Release (cytokines and chemokines released by Macrophages and histamine from Mast cells –> permeability), Recruit (WBC-lymphocytes via TNF-alpha and then diapedesis), Removal, Resolution

Question 19

Fc Receptors

Answer 19

Recognize IgG antibody which recognizes antigens

Question 20

Recruitment of WBC

Answer 20

• TNF-alpha upregulates adhesion proteins on surface of endothelial cells and WBC
• selectins bind musin on the WBC
• chemokines induce a change in integrins
• integrins firmly adhere to ICAMs stopping the WBC

Question 21

Slows WBC

Answer 21

selectins and musin (on WBC)

Question 22

Stops WBC

Answer 22

integrin (activated by chemokine) which binds to ICAM

Question 23

upregulates adhesion proteins on epithelial cells and WBC

Answer 23

TNF-alpha

Question 24

promotes crossing from vessel to tissue of WBC

Answer 24

chemotaxis-driven by chemokines (released by other WBC)

Question 25

Left Shift

Answer 25

increase in band cells (PMNs) which means increased neutrophils which means a bacterial infection

Question 26

increased total WBC

Answer 26

allergy or reaction

Question 27

increased lymphocytes

Answer 27

viral infection

Question 28

increased eosinophils

Answer 28

parasitic infection

Question 29

chronic inflammation

Answer 29

buys time for adaptive response;

to contain, destroy, and remove persistent pathogens

Question 30

first to arrive and first to die

Answer 30

neutrophils

Question 31

Phagocytosis Steps

Answer 31

1. Attaches (TLR/PRR to PAMP)
2. engulfs –> forms phagosome
3. fusion of phagosome and lysosome –> phagolysome
4. killing and degradation
   - non oxidative killing (not activated): lysosomes & peptides + lactoferrin
   - oxidative killing (when activated): increase O2 to increase ROS
5. Exocytosis

Question 32

Non oxidative killing

Answer 32

Killing of PAMP by means of phagolysosome by using lysosome, antimicrobial peptides that damage the membrane, or lactoferrin which binds iron

Question 33

oxidative killing

Answer 33

Phagolysosome-when activated by M1 Macrophages only- will increase Oxygen use and produce ROS such as Nitric oxide which is toxic to cells

Question 34

Proinflammatory cytokines include

Answer 34

1. IL (mainly IL-1, and 6)
2. Chemokines
3. Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-alpha)
4. Others
   - -histamine
   - -prostaglandins and interleukons
   - -complement proteins (C3a and C5a)

Question 35

Interleukens

Answer 35

mainly IL 1 and 6 for inflammation;
stimulate chemotaxis of PMNs!

Also: stimulates selection and prod. of epithelial cells and fever

Question 36

Chemokines

Answer 36

direct WBC to location (chemotaxis)

Question 37

TNF-alpha

Answer 37

stim production of adhesion proteins selectins on epithelial cells

Also: fever, vascular permeability, and NK cells