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Micro Bio > Exam 2 Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Exam 2 Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

First line of defense

A
  • Skin with high pH, stratified epithelium, and microbiota
  • next is mucous membrane which has columnar epithelium, cilia
  • last is chemical barrier of defensins, acidic stomach, lactoferrin, and lysozyme
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2
Q

defensins

A

cationic antimicrobial peptides; destroy membrane of bacteria

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3
Q

lactoferrins

A

lock up iron

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4
Q

lysozyme

A

in tears/saliva and digests glycosidic bonds between NAM and NAG

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5
Q

progenitor cell of innate

A

lymphoid

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6
Q

progenitor cell of adaptive

A

myeloid –> macrophage progenitor

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7
Q

Phagocytes

A

Neutrophils (fast and short-lived-PMNs), Macrophages (long-lived), Eosinophils (motile-attack multicellular parasites)

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8
Q

Inflammatory cells

A

Mast Cells (histamine); non motile in serosa, capable of phagocytosis and involved in allergies (IgE)

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9
Q

Innate cells

A

Dendritic cells (initiate adaptive-phagocytic), NK cells (attack infected host and cancer cells-intra; can also kill extracellular with antibody)

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10
Q

Dendritic Cell

A

a phagocytic innate cell that will activate T cells b/c it is an APC

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11
Q

NK cells

A

innate killer cell; kills intracellular infected cells and also extracellular ones marked by antibodies

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12
Q

PAMPS

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns: highly conserved, not on humans, non-specific recognition using specific molecules such as LPS, peptidoglycans, flagella, and some ncltds

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13
Q

Binds PAMPs

A

PRR (pattern recognition receptor) and Toll-like receptor; also Macrophages and some innate cells; can be bound by antibodies and opsonized

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14
Q

binds opsonin

A

Fc receptors-recognize IgG

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15
Q

Opsonize PAMPS

A

C3b and IgG antibody

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16
Q

Phagocytes bind what on PAMPs

A

bind to opsonin (C3b) and engulfs/phagocytosis

17
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

initial inflammation response to contain, destroy, and remove pathogens; move immune cells and inflammatory proteins to site; 5 R’s

18
Q

5 R’s of Acute inflammation

A

Recognize (dead or foreign cells as PAMPS), Release (cytokines and chemokines released by Macrophages and histamine from Mast cells –> permeability), Recruit (WBC-lymphocytes via TNF-alpha and then diapedesis), Removal, Resolution

19
Q

Fc Receptors

A

Recognize IgG antibody which recognizes antigens

20
Q

Recruitment of WBC

A
  • TNF-alpha upregulates adhesion proteins on surface of endothelial cells and WBC
  • selectins bind musin on the WBC
  • chemokines induce a change in integrins
  • integrins firmly adhere to ICAMs stopping the WBC
21
Q

Slows WBC

A

selectins and musin (on WBC)

22
Q

Stops WBC

A

integrin (activated by chemokine) which binds to ICAM

23
Q

upregulates adhesion proteins on epithelial cells and WBC

24
Q

promotes crossing from vessel to tissue of WBC

A

chemotaxis-driven by chemokines (released by other WBC)

25
Q

Left Shift

A

increase in band cells (PMNs) which means increased neutrophils which means a bacterial infection

26
Q

increased total WBC

A

allergy or reaction

27
Q

increased lymphocytes

A

viral infection

28
Q

increased eosinophils

A

parasitic infection

29
Q

chronic inflammation

A

buys time for adaptive response;

to contain, destroy, and remove persistent pathogens

30
Q

first to arrive and first to die

A

neutrophils

31
Q

Phagocytosis Steps

A
  1. Attaches (TLR/PRR to PAMP)
  2. engulfs –> forms phagosome
  3. fusion of phagosome and lysosome –> phagolysome
  4. killing and degradation
    - non oxidative killing (not activated): lysosomes & peptides + lactoferrin
    - oxidative killing (when activated): increase O2 to increase ROS
  5. Exocytosis
32
Q

Non oxidative killing

A

Killing of PAMP by means of phagolysosome by using lysosome, antimicrobial peptides that damage the membrane, or lactoferrin which binds iron

33
Q

oxidative killing

A

Phagolysosome-when activated by M1 Macrophages only- will increase Oxygen use and produce ROS such as Nitric oxide which is toxic to cells

34
Q

Proinflammatory cytokines include

A
  1. IL (mainly IL-1, and 6)
  2. Chemokines
  3. Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-alpha)
  4. Others
    - -histamine
    - -prostaglandins and interleukons
    - -complement proteins (C3a and C5a)
35
Q

Interleukens

A

mainly IL 1 and 6 for inflammation;
stimulate chemotaxis of PMNs!

Also: stimulates selection and prod. of epithelial cells and fever

36
Q

Chemokines

A

direct WBC to location (chemotaxis)

37
Q

TNF-alpha

A

stim production of adhesion proteins selectins on epithelial cells

Also: fever, vascular permeability, and NK cells

Micro Bio (11 decks)

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