Exam 2 Innate Pt 2

Question 1

can activate Macrophages

Answer 1

cytokines (from WBC) and Active T cells

Question 2

Direct the attack against persistent infections phagocyes cannot kill

Answer 2

lymphocytes-B or T

Question 3

Granulomas

Answer 3

Giant-multinucleated balls of macrophages that wall off orgs that cannot be destroyed

Question 4

Cavitary TB

Answer 4

tubercles in lung-immunocompromised

Question 5

Miliary TB

Answer 5

in children; many small granulomas

Question 6

Complement system is made by what organ

Answer 6

liver; circulate in blood and kill 3 ways

Question 7

Membrane Attack Complex-MAC

Answer 7

kills cells; c5b binds in cell membrane, c6-c9 join to form a pore in the membrane which causes the cell to lyse

Question 8

MAC involves ___ which embeds in membrane and _____; causing a ____ and cell to lyse

Answer 8

c5b, c6-c9, pore in membrane, lysis

Question 9

Activation of complement system goal and ways

Answer 9

goal is to activate C3 convertase;

1. lectin and classical pathways-c4b2b convertase
2. alternate pathways-c3bBb convertase

Question 10

convertase of lectin and classical

Answer 10

c4b2b

Question 11

Convertase of alt. pathways

Answer 11

c3bBb

Question 12

Alt Pathway

Answer 12

c3 is unstable so it spont. breaks down into c3a/c3b; this little bit can bind -NOT opsonize- bacteria and intiate c3bBb convertase

Question 13

Lectin Pathway

Answer 13

lectins produced in the liver and bind carbs such as mannose–
MBP floats in blood and activates c4b2b

Question 14

classical pathway

Answer 14

Activates C4b2b;DOES NOT happen with initial exposure; activated by antibodies produced by the adaptive immune system. Antigen-antibody complex activates C1

Question 15

Activation of complement system that is ONLY with second exposure

Answer 15

Classical pathway requires antibody-antigen complex to activate

Question 16

c3a and c5a

Answer 16

anaphylaxis (causes histamine to degranulate) and chemoattrictants for phagocytes

Question 17

activates MAC

Answer 17

c5b

Question 18

C3b does

Answer 18

opsonization which leads to increased phagocytosis

Question 19

c5b

Answer 19

activates MAC

Question 20

CPR

Answer 20

production stimulated by cytokines, opsonize bacteria –> activates C1 –> complement activation; THUS CPR acts as an antibody to activate the classical pathway

Question 21

C1

Answer 21

activates classical pathway

Question 22

Induces fever

Answer 22

pyrogens

Question 23

Endogenous

Answer 23

from own cell (TNF-alpha)

Question 24

Exogenous

Answer 24

bacterial protein stimulates fever

Question 25

Mechanism of fever

Answer 25

1. chemicals secreted by phagocytes travel to hypothalamus 2. hypothalamus secretes prostaglandin --> resets thermostat 3. nerve impulses cause shivering, vasodilation, and increased metabolic rates --> in

Question 26

causes reset of thermostat

Answer 26

Prostglandin

Question 27

Benefits of fever

Answer 27

inhibit growth, speeds up phagocytosis and repair of tissue, increases leukocyte motility, reduces Fe available

Question 28

Complement effects on viral infections

Answer 28

NONE-thus MAC does not either

Question 29

Interferon alpha and beta

Answer 29

1. cell is infected and produces dsRNA 2. cell produces type one IFN in response 3. IFN alpha and beta secreated to other cells 4. IFN turns on IVAP inactive 5. once virus infects the cell it activates IVAP causing apoptosis IFN also activates NK cells

Question 30

Natural Killer Cells branch of immune system

Answer 30

adaptive lymphocyte; only one; really funtions in innate (non specific)

Question 31

only lymphocyte that is adaptive

Answer 31

NK cells

Question 32

Activates NK cells

Answer 32

IL-12,Type 1 INF, and TNF-alpha

Question 33

Progenitor cell of NK cells

Answer 33

lymphoid progenitor

Question 34

what do NK cells attack

Answer 34

intracellularly infected and cancer cells-Fc receptor binds IgG which has opsonized PAMP

Question 35

Receptor on NK cells

Answer 35

Fc receptor which binds IgG which has opsonized

Question 36

How NK cells kill

Answer 36

release perforin and then granzyme --> apoptosis

Question 37

perforin

Answer 37

released by NK cells; allows granzymes to enter

Question 38

Granzyme

Answer 38

released by NK cells; follow up perforin in apoptosis

Question 39

Cytokine Production by NK cells

Answer 39

IFN gamma (type 2) which will stimulate/activate macrophages and maturation of dendritic cells --> cause T cell response

Question 40

IFN gamma (type 2)

Answer 40

secreted by NK cells; stimulates/activates macrophages and maturation of dendritic cells --> cause T cell response

Question 41

NK cell response cessation

Answer 41

when adaptive kicks in