Exam 2: V

Question 1

____________ come before the crime and reduce guilt about committing a crime
_________ come after a crime occurs

Answer 1

Neutralizations

Accounts

Question 2

What are the 5 types of neutralizations?

Answer 2

1) Denial of Injury
2) Denial of Victim
3) Denial of Responsibility
4) Appeal to Higher Loyalty
5) Condemning the Condemners

Question 3

Which type of neutralization is this:

no one was hurt

Answer 3

Denial of Injury

Question 4

Which type of neutralization is this:

there’s no victim or victim deserved it

Answer 4

Denial of Victim

Question 5

Which type of neutralization is this:

It was an accident or it wasn’t my fault or someone else did it

Answer 5

Denial of Responsibility

Question 6

Which type of neutralization is this:

I did it for my family/friends/employees/ the greater good

Answer 6

Appeal to Higher Loyalty

Question 7

Which type of neutralization is this:

Points out hypocrisy of crj system

Answer 7

Condemning the Condemners

Question 8

Which type of neutralization is this:

My crime didn’t hurt anyone

Answer 8

Denial of Injury

Question 9

Which type of neutralization is this:

Top CEOs say “I didn’t know”

Answer 9

Denial of Responsibility

Question 10

Which type of neutralization is this:

Regulation/Laws intervene too much in business procedures

Answer 10

Condemning the Condemners

Question 11

What are 2 other forms of neutralization?

Answer 11

1) Everyone else is doing it

2) Entitlement

Question 12

What are two types of accounts?

Answer 12

1) Excuses

2) Justifications

Question 13

What is the difference between excuse and justifications?

Answer 13

Excuses- admit behavior, but deny responsibility

Justifications- admit responsibility, but positively interpret it

Question 14

Who wrote the original strain theory? Who revised it?

Answer 14

Merton= original 
Agnew= revision

Question 15

According to Merton’s version, what is strain?

Answer 15

Crime comes from people who aspire to make money, but are blocked from doing it by legitimate means

Question 16

What are the 5 modes of adaption to strain, according to Merton?

Answer 16

1) Innovation
2) Conformity
3) Ritualism
4) Retreatism
5) Rebellion

Question 17

What is self-control theory?

Answer 17

All types of crime were caused by the presence of low self-control

Question 18

Who created self-control theory?

Answer 18

Gottfredson and Hirschi

Question 19

Routine activities theory requires what 3 elements?

Answer 19

1) The presence of motivated offenders
2) The absence of capable guardians
3) The availability of suitable targets

Question 20

Who created routine activities theory?

Answer 20

Cohen and Felson

Question 21

Which adaption to strain is this:

accept the goal of society and follow legitimate means to attain goals

Answer 21

conformity

Question 22

Which adaption to strain is this:

accept the goal of financial success but replace legitimate means with illegitimate means

Answer 22

Innovation

Question 23

Which adaption to strain is this:

Do not accept the goals of society but o through the motions of engaging in the means prescribed by society

Answer 23

Ritualism

Question 24

Which adaption to strain is this:

wcc who accept neither the goals of society nor the means to attain those goals

Answer 24

Retreatism

Question 25

Which adaption to strain is this:
workers who reject the goals and means of society and replace the societal=prescribed goals and means with their own goals and means

Answer 25

Rebellion

Question 26

What are the 3 types of strain according to Agnew?

Answer 26

1) Failure to Achieve Positively Valued Goals
2) Actual/Anticipated Removal of Positively Valued Stimuli
3) Actual/Anticipated Presentation of Negative Stimuli