Exam 2: III-IV Flashcards
What are the elements that make up opinions about seriousness?
1) Harm
2) Blameworthiness
When looking at harm you look at the _____ of harm and ______ of harm.
type
scope
Blameworthiness is guided by what 3 things?
1) Intent
2) Circumstances
3) Prior record and Respectability
What is the difference between Aggravating and Mitigating circumstances?
Aggravating Circumstances- makes the crime seem worse
Mitigating Circumstances- makes it so you feel sorry for the offender
Is this an Aggravating or Mitigating circumstances:
Victim Participation
Mitigating Circumstances
Is this an Aggravating or Mitigating circumstances:
Targeting Elderly
Aggravating Circumstances
What external factors affect our perceptions of seriousness?
1) Social Movements
2) Politics/Politicians
3) Non-governmental organizations
4) Media
There is a _______ comparison of violent crimes
direct
What is a theory?
a set of interrelated propositions designed to explain a particular phenomenon (why events occur in the manner they do)
What is the difference between crime and criminality?
Crime- an intentional act or omission committed in violation of criminal law without defense or justification and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanor
Criminality- Behavior that is contrary to or forbidden by criminal law
What is the difference between crime and criminalization?
Crime- an intentional act or omission committed in violation of criminal law without defense or justification and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanor
Criminalization- The action of turning an activity into a criminal offense by making it illegal
What is the difference between criminality and criminalization?
Criminality- Behavior that is contrary to or forbidden by criminal law
Criminalization- The action of turning an activity into a criminal offense by making it illegal
What are theories trying to explain?
1) Crime
2) Criminality
3) Criminalization
Individual criminal behavior is thought to arise from either:
1)
2)
1) Innate Characteristics (Biological/Physiological)
2) Socialization
According to _______ and __________ – Self-Control Theory can explain ALL crime, including white-collar crime
Hirschi
Gottfredson
According to ___________ – scholars who think that a general theory is acceptable are using data from the UCR and thus are not looking at “real” white-collar/corporate
crime
Steffensmeier
According to Hirschi and Gottfredson – ____-_______ ______ can explain ALL crime, including white-collar crime
Self-Control Theory
List the socialization theories.
1) Rational Choice Theory
2) Strain Theory
3) Differential Association/ Social Learning
4) Neutralizations/ Rationalizations/ Accounts
What is rational choice theory?
The risk out ways the reward, so the offender makes a choice to commit crime
How is RCT related to deterrence theory?
Expanded by adding the rewards of crimes.
Meaning a formal or informal sanctions
What is deterrence theory?
Fear of punishment, deters crime
What’s “bounded rationality”? And what theory is it under?
Certain things might constrain one’s ability to think through cost/benefits.
Rational Choice Theory
According to Differential Association/Social Learning Theory, how does crime come about?
learn to commit crime from people around you
Who created Differential Association/Social Learning Theory?
Sutherland
According to Differential Association/Social Learning Theory, offenders learn ___________, __________, and ____________ of crime.
techniques
motivations
rationalizations
According to Social Learning Theory, what are the 4 mechanisms by which people learn any behavior?
1) Initiation Behavior
2) Differential Association
3) Definitions
4) Reinforcement
Which mechanism, under social learning theory, is this:
learn to commit crime because you associate with criminals
Differential Association
Which mechanism, under social learning theory, is this:
learn positive attitudes about crime
Definitions
Which mechanism, under social learning theory, is this:
praise or punishment for behavior
Reinforcement
______ ________ Theory is an extension of Differential Association Theory
Social Learning
Social Learning Theory is an extension of ___________ __________ _______
Differential Association Theory
Who created social learning theory?
Akers
Differential Association Theory was created to explain ______ as well as _________ _______
individual crimes
Social Learning Theory also though to explain ____ _____
both types
