Exam 2: III-IV

Question 1

What are the elements that make up opinions about seriousness?

Answer 1

1) Harm

2) Blameworthiness

Question 2

When looking at harm you look at the _____ of harm and ______ of harm.

Answer 2

type

scope

Question 3

Blameworthiness is guided by what 3 things?

Answer 3

1) Intent
2) Circumstances
3) Prior record and Respectability

Question 4

What is the difference between Aggravating and Mitigating circumstances?

Answer 4

Aggravating Circumstances- makes the crime seem worse

Mitigating Circumstances- makes it so you feel sorry for the offender

Question 5

Is this an Aggravating or Mitigating circumstances:

Victim Participation

Answer 5

Mitigating Circumstances

Question 6

Is this an Aggravating or Mitigating circumstances:

Targeting Elderly

Answer 6

Aggravating Circumstances

Question 7

What external factors affect our perceptions of seriousness?

Answer 7

1) Social Movements
2) Politics/Politicians
3) Non-governmental organizations
4) Media

Question 8

There is a _______ comparison of violent crimes

Answer 8

direct

Question 9

What is a theory?

Answer 9

a set of interrelated propositions designed to explain a particular phenomenon (why events occur in the manner they do)

Question 10

What is the difference between crime and criminality?

Answer 10

Crime- an intentional act or omission committed in violation of criminal law without defense or justification and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanor

Criminality- Behavior that is contrary to or forbidden by criminal law

Question 11

What is the difference between crime and criminalization?

Answer 11

Crime- an intentional act or omission committed in violation of criminal law without defense or justification and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanor

Criminalization- The action of turning an activity into a criminal offense by making it illegal

Question 12

What is the difference between criminality and criminalization?

Answer 12

Criminality- Behavior that is contrary to or forbidden by criminal law

Criminalization- The action of turning an activity into a criminal offense by making it illegal

Question 13

What are theories trying to explain?

Answer 13

1) Crime
2) Criminality
3) Criminalization

Question 14

Individual criminal behavior is thought to arise from either:
1)
2)

Answer 14

1) Innate Characteristics (Biological/Physiological)

2) Socialization

Question 15

According to _______ and __________ – Self-Control Theory can explain ALL crime, including white-collar crime

Answer 15

Hirschi

Gottfredson

Question 16

According to ___________ – scholars who think that a general theory is acceptable are using data from the UCR and thus are not looking at “real” white-collar/corporate
crime

Answer 16

Steffensmeier

Question 17

According to Hirschi and Gottfredson – ____-_______ ______ can explain ALL crime, including white-collar crime

Answer 17

Self-Control Theory

Question 18

List the socialization theories.

Answer 18

1) Rational Choice Theory
2) Strain Theory
3) Differential Association/ Social Learning
4) Neutralizations/ Rationalizations/ Accounts

Question 19

What is rational choice theory?

Answer 19

The risk out ways the reward, so the offender makes a choice to commit crime

Question 20

How is RCT related to deterrence theory?

Answer 20

Expanded by adding the rewards of crimes.

Meaning a formal or informal sanctions

Question 21

What is deterrence theory?

Answer 21

Fear of punishment, deters crime

Question 22

What’s “bounded rationality”? And what theory is it under?

Answer 22

Certain things might constrain one’s ability to think through cost/benefits.
Rational Choice Theory

Question 23

According to Differential Association/Social Learning Theory, how does crime come about?

Answer 23

learn to commit crime from people around you

Question 24

Who created Differential Association/Social Learning Theory?

Answer 24

Sutherland

Question 25

According to Differential Association/Social Learning Theory, offenders learn ___________, __________, and ____________ of crime.

Answer 25

techniques
motivations
rationalizations

Question 26

According to Social Learning Theory, what are the 4 mechanisms by which people learn any behavior?

Answer 26

1) Initiation Behavior
2) Differential Association
3) Definitions
4) Reinforcement

Question 27

Which mechanism, under social learning theory, is this:

learn to commit crime because you associate with criminals

Answer 27

Differential Association

Question 28

Which mechanism, under social learning theory, is this:

learn positive attitudes about crime

Answer 28

Definitions

Question 29

Which mechanism, under social learning theory, is this:

praise or punishment for behavior

Answer 29

Reinforcement

Question 30

______ ________ Theory is an extension of Differential Association Theory

Answer 30

Social Learning

Question 31

Social Learning Theory is an extension of ___________ __________ _______

Answer 31

Differential Association Theory

Question 32

Who created social learning theory?

Answer 32

Akers

Question 33

Differential Association Theory was created to explain ______ as well as _________ _______

Answer 33

individual crimes

Question 34

Social Learning Theory also though to explain ____ _____

Answer 34

both types