Exam 2 - Theories & Models Commonly Used for Health Promotion Flashcards
Definitions
- Theory
- Set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that ______ or ______ events or situations by specifying relations among variables
- Abstract and not content- or topic-specific
- Help us to:
1) Understand why people do or do not practice health promoting behavior
2) Help identify what information is needed to design an effective intervention strategy
3) Provide insight into how to design a program so it is successful - Model
- Composite/mixture of ideas or concepts taken from any number of _______ and used together
- Draw number of theories to help understand a specific problem in a particular setting or content
- Not always as specific as a theory
- DO NOT attempt to explain processes fundamental to learning, but only to represent them
explains, predicts
theories
Definitions
- Concepts
- Primary elements or _______ _______ of a theory
- Personal belief related to various health behaviors
- Constructs
- When a concept has been developed, created or adopted for use with a specific theory
- Key ________ of a given theory are its constructs
- Variable
- The operational form or practical use of a construct
- Specify how construct is to be ________ in a specific situation
- Match variables to constructs when identifying what needs to be assessed during eval of program
building blocks
concepts
measured
Why we use theories/models
- Serve as ________ of processes used to plan, implement, and evaluate health promotion interventions
- Identify why people are not behaving in _______ ways
- Identify information needed before developing an intervention
- Provide conceptual framework for picking constructs to develop __________
- Provide direction and justification for program activities
- Provide insights into how best to deliver intervention
- Identify what needs to be measured to evaluate impact of intervention
backbone
healthy
intervention
Why we use theories/models
*Useful reference point to keep research and implementation activities clearly focused
- __________ for program planning and development
- -> evidence-based interventions
- Provides _______ to help with behavior change
- Prevents wasting resources
Foundation
direction
How to choose a theory/model
- No “_____” theory
- How well a theory “works” dependent on how well it serves objectives needing to be met to achieve sustainable behavior change
- Choose behavioral and social science theories that are most appropriate, feasible, and practical for a particular setting or population
best
Theories and Models in Health Promotion
- Two broad types of theory:
1) __________ theory – Why? What can be changed? - Health Belief Model (HBM)
2) _______ theory – Which strategies? Which messages? Assumptions about how a program should work.
- Stages of Change construct of The Transtheoretical Model
*Understanding why an employee smokes is one step toward a successful cessation effort, but not enough alone to fully guide change to improve health Change Model needed
Explanatory
Change
Social Ecological Model
- Behavior has multiple levels of influence
- Behaviors both shape and are shaped by the social environment
- Creating an environment conducive to change is important to making it ______ to adopt healthy behaviors
- Emphasizes interaction between, and interdependence of factors within and across all levels of a health problem
- Individuals influence and are influenced by their families, social networks, organizations in which they participate (workplace, school, church, etc.), the communities in which they are a part of, and the society in which they live
- Social context – sociocultural forces that shape people’s day-to-day experiences and that directly and indirectly affect health and behavior
easier
Social Ecological Model Example
Given the growing epidemic of obesity in the United States and other developed countries, more attention is being focused toward _________ and _________ the health-promoting features of communities and neighborhoods and reducing the ubiquity of high-calorie, high- fat food choices.
examining, improving
EXAM QUESTION:
-________ is the most important determinant of changed behavior.
Intention
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
- Developed to describe health behavior and behaviors that can be performed at will
- Individuals’ intention to perform given behavior is a function of attitude toward behavior and subjective norms associated with behavior
- 3 constructs:
1) ________ - Indication of a person’s readiness/likeliness to perform a given behavior and is considered to be an immediate precursor of behavior
2) _______ toward behavior
- Degree to which performance of the behavior is positively or negatively valued
3) _________ norm
Perceived social pressure to engage or not engage in a behavior
Intention
Attitude
Subjective
Theory of Planned Behavior
*Similar to TRA: behavioral intention is influenced by person’s attitude, beliefs, and subjective norms
- 4 constructs
1) ________ - Perceived likelihood of performing behavior
2) ________ toward behavior
- Personal evaluation of the behavior
3) ________ norm
- Beliefs about whether key people approve/disapprove of the behavior
- Motivation to behave in a way that gains their approval
4) Perceived _________ control
- Person’s belief they can control a particular behavior
Intention
Attitude
Subjective
behavioral
Health Belief Model (HBM)
- Perceived susceptibility
- Beliefs about the _______ of getting condition
- Perceived _______
- Beliefs about the seriousness of a condition and its consequences
- Perceived beliefs
- Beliefs about the effectiveness of taking action to reduce risk or seriousness
*Perceived _______
Beliefs about the material and psychological costs of taking action
- Cues to action
- Factors that activate “readiness to change”
- Self-efficacy
- _________ in one’s ability to take action
chances
severity
barriers
Confidence
Health Belief Model (HBM)
- Choose what construct matches the statement
- Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived threat, perceived benefit, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, cues to action
- My wife keeps reminding me to go see my doctor
- ____________
- I’m in great health so I don’t have to worry about having a heart attack
- ________ ________
- If I exercise regularly, I can reduce my risk for cardiovascular disease
- ________ ________
- There isn’t much I can do to prevent myself from having a stroke. If it’s going to happen, then it’s going to happen
- ________ _______
Cue to action
Perceived susceptibility
Perceived benefit
Self-efficacy
Health Belief Model (HBM)
- Choose what construct matches the statement
- Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived threat, perceived benefit, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, cues to action
- Having a stroke is really serious. You can lose movement on one side of your body as well as your ability to speak clearly
- _______ ________
My doctor asked me to go in to have some lab work, but the last couple of months have been really crazy so I’ve had to put this off
-________ _________
Perceived severity
Perceived barrier
Transtheoretical Model/Stages of Change
*Used to assess an individual’s ________ to act on a new healthier behavior, and provides strategies, or processes of change to _____ the individual
Utility among a multitude of health problems Alcohol and substance abuse Anxiety and panic disorders Delinquency Eating disorders and obesity Exercise HIV/AIDS prevention Mammography screening Medication compliance Pregnancy and smoking Unplanned pregnancy prevention Sun exposure
readiness
guide
