Exam 1 - Needs Assessment Flashcards
Definitions
- Need – the difference between the present situation and and a more ________ one.
- Perceived or actual.
- Needs assessment – process of identifying, analyzing, and prioritizing the ______ of priority population.
- AKA: community analysis/diagnosis/assessment
- Most critical step in planning process
desirable
needs
Needs assessment place in planning process
- Identify issues
- Set priorities
- Established baseline
- Determine _________ capacity
- Individual, organizational, and community resources that can enable a community to take action.
- -Leadership, infrastructure, operations, politics.
- Consider necessary capacity building.
- -Activities that enhance the resources of individuals, organizations, and communities to improve their effectiveness to take _____.
-Provides focus for developing intervention.
community
action
When a needs assessment is not needed
*When one was done recently.
- Program planners employed by agency that already deals specifically with health issue that is known.
- Ex. Cancer and the American Cancer Society.
*Funding is appropriated for a specific cause and can only be used for programming related to it (categorical funds)..
Yuh
What questions a needs assessment answers
1) Who is the priority population?
2) What are the _____ of the priority population?
3) Which _______ within the priority population have the greatest need?
4) Where are these subgroups located geographically?
5) What is currently being done to _______ identified needs?
6) How well have the identified needs been addressed in the past?
needs
subgroups
resolve
Acquiring needs assessment data
- Primary data – data you collect _______.
- ______, focus group, in-depth _______, etc.
- Advantages: directly answers planner’s questions.
- Limitations: can be expensive and take a lot of ____.
- Secondary data – data already collected by _________ else and available for use.
- Advantages: already exists and usually ________.
- Limitations: may not identify true needs due to collection methods used, variables considered, or from whom data was collected.
yourself
examples: Survey, interviews
time
somebody
inexpensive
Sources of primary data: Single-step or cross-sectional surveys
- Data collected at ___ point in time.
- Written surveys and interviews.
- Self-report, proxy measure, significant others, opinion leaders, key informants.
- Advantages: usually _____.
- Limitations: ____.
- Written surveys, telephone/face-to-face/electronic/group interviews.
one
quick
bias
Sources of primary data: Single-step or cross-sectional surveys
- Steps to increase accuracy of data collection:
1) Select measures that reflect program _______.
2) Select _____ and ______ measures.
3) Conduct pilot study with priority population.
4) Employ quality control procedures to detect other sources of _____.
5) Employ multiple methods.
6) Use multiple measures.
7) Use _________ experimental and _______ groups to control for response bias.
outcomes
valid and reliable
error
randomized, control
Sources of primary data: Single-step or cross-sectional surveys
- Written survey:
- Advantages: reach _____ number of people in _____ time, low ____, lower response bias.
- Disadvantages: [highest/lowest] response rate, inability to clarify questions, respondent confusion.
- Should be attractive and easy to ____ with enough white space.
- Easy to follow instructions and clear questions.
- -Include cover letter with mail surveys.
- Short in ______ and easy to fill out surveys more likely to be returned.
large, short, cost
lowest
read
length
Sources of primary data: Single-step or cross-sectional surveys
- Face-to-face _________:
- Can include administering survey to respondent.
- Not typically done if population is [small/large].
- Advantages: high __________ rate, build rapport with respondent, visual cues.
- Disadvantages: _____ consuming, need training (i.e. probing, motivational interviewing), expensive, inter-rater reliability concerns.
interviews
large
participation
time
Sources of primary data: Single-step or cross-sectional surveys
*________ interviews:
-Advantages: modest cost, easy to do, can clarify questions.
-Disadvantages: wireless only households, lack of phone “list”, resistance of answering questions on phone, need training, inter-rater reliability concerns, no visual cues
Random-digit dialing (RDD).
- Number combinations randomly selected
- Advantages: Could include non-listed numbers and cell phones.
- Disadvantages: ____ consuming because not all generated numbers will be valid or for an individual, cell phones may not have area code of city in which person lives.
Telephone
Time
Sources of primary data: Single-step or cross-sectional surveys
- ________ interviews:
- Advantages: reduced response time, low ____, ease of data collection, flexibility of design and format, control over distribution, data __________ entered in spreadsheet or data software.
- Disadvantages: lack of ______ access, obtaining email address, respondent’s lack of comfort using computer.
- Survey companies provide platform for a fee.
- -Qualtrics, Survey Monkey, Zommerang.
- Mixed reports on response rate.
Electronic
cost
automatically
internet
Sources of primary data: Single-step or cross-sectional surveys
- _____ interviews:
- Data collected from more than one person during a single, short period of time.
- -Ex. Focus groups.
- Advantages: high ________ rate, efficient and economical, can stimulate productivity of others.
- Disadvantages: intimidation or suppression of individual differences.
Group
response
Sources of primary data: Single-step or cross-sectional surveys
- ______ technique:
- Multistep technique that generates consensus through a series of _________, usually done through mail or __________.
- -Primary questionnaire questions are usually _____.
- -Secondary questionnaire questions usually more ______ and based on primary questionnaire responses.
- -This goes on until consensus is reached (usually 5 or fewer rounds).
- Advantages: pooled responses, high motivation and commitment, reduced influence of others, high response quality and quantity, equal representation, consistent contact with respondent.
- Disadvantages: high ____, takes a lot of ____, unable to clarify, limits immediate reinforcement.
Delphi
questionnaires, electronically
broad
specific
cost
time
Sources of primary data: Single-step or cross-sectional surveys
- Meetings:
- Good source of _________ for preliminary needs assessment or for evaluation purposes.
- -Meet with small group to find out needed information.
- Advantages: good formative ________, low cost, flexible.
- Disadvantages: result _____, limited input from participants.
information
evaluation
bias
Sources of primary data: Single-step or cross-sectional surveys
- ______ groups:
- Qualitative research that was grown from group therapy.
- Obtain information about feelings, opinions, perceptions, insights, beliefs, misconceptions, attitudes, receptivity of group towards idea or issue.
- Small, 8-12 people.
- -Best if they’re [people you know/strangers].
- -_______ only.
- General information given a few weeks before group meets.
- Facilitated by _________ who elicits candid responses.
- Advantages: low cost, convenient, creative atmosphere, clarification possible, flexibility.
- Disadvantages: limited representation, dependence on moderator skill, preliminary insights, participant involvement.
Focus
strangers
Invitation
moderator
Sources of primary data: Single-step or cross-sectional surveys
- _______ group process:
- Highly _________ process where few knowledgeable representatives of priority population qualify and quantify specific needs.
- 5-7 people.
- Record responses to questions on paper before discussing.
- _________ writes down everyone’s responses and seeks clarity when needed.
- Participants _____ responses by importance to priority population.
- Advantages: direct involvement of priority group, planned interactivity, diverse opinions, full participation, creative atmosphere, recognition of commonalty.
- Disadvantages: time commitment, competing issues, participant bias.
Nominal
structured
Facilitator
rank
Sources of primary data: Single-step or cross-sectional surveys
- ____________ (minimal contact method)
- Observation of people and environment of priority population.
- ______ observation – actually witnessing situation or behavior.
- Advantages: people typically don’t refuse to participate = high response rate.
- Disadvantages: time consuming.
- More accurate than self-report, but observer presence may alter individual’s behavior.
- -_________ observation – people know they’re being observed.
- -__________ observation – people are unaware they’re being observed allowing for less bias, but is it ethical?
- Advantages: accurate behavioral data, can be obtrusive, moderate cost.
- Disadvantages: trained observers, biased behavior, observer bias, time-consuming.
Observation
Direct
report
Obtrusive
Unobtrusive
Sources of primary data: Single-step or cross-sectional surveys
- Self-__________:
- Generally address ________ prevention issues (i.e. risk assessment and protective factors) and ________ prevention process (i.e. early detection of symptoms).
- Ex. Breast self exams, testicular exams, health assessments.
- Health assessments can elicit health risk appraisals of health risk assessments, health status assessments, and various lifestyle-specific assessments in priority population.
- Advantages: _________, no interviewer bias, moderate cost, minimum staff required, easy to administer, flexibility.
- Disadvantages: possible low response rate, lack of diversity/representation, self-selection.
assessments
primary, secondary
convenient
Sources of secondary data
- __________ agencies:
- Some mandated by law to provide data while some data collected voluntarily.
- Usually ____ if you contact agency.
- Nongovernment agencies and organizations:
- Healthcare systems, voluntary health agencies, business, civic and commerce groups.
- Create facts and figures in booklets that provide epidemiological data.
- Usually collect data for own use.
Government
free
Sources of secondary data
- Existing _______:
- Data collected as a by-product of a service effort, such as an immunization program or water pollution control program.
- Ex. Checking medical records to monitor blood pressure and cholesterol levels in participants of exercise program.
- _________:
- Evaluate existing literature on priority population.
- Utilize available literature databases (i.e. PsychInfo, Medline, ERIC, CINAHL).
records
Literature
Conducting a needs assessment
1) Determine the _______ and _____ of the needs assessment.
- Know the _____ of needs assessment.
- Stakeholders and key decision makers determine extent of needs assessment.
- Categorical funding.
- If health issue is known, may be necessary to identify most significant determinants or intervention strategies with most promise.
- Participatory research – priority population collaborate with researchers/planners to understand health issues and develop intervention strategies.
purpose, scope
goal
Conducting a needs assessment
2) Gathering data:
- Identify most _______ data.
- Consider cost and availability.
- -Start with ________ data.
- Common that local data does not exist so may need to consider collecting _______ data.
- Primary data used to fill in “data gaps.”
- Quantitative vs. qualitative.
- Consider planning model being used.
- -Are there specific assessments built into model?
relevant
secondary
primary
Conducting a needs assessment
3) ________ data:
- Must analyze all data collected
- Goal is to identify and _________ health problems.
- Most difficult to complete
- Start by answering following questions posed in PRECEDE model:
- -What is the QoL of priority population?
- -What are social conditions and perceptions shared by those in priority population?
- -What are the social indicators that reflect social conditions and perceptions?
- -Can the social conditions and perceptions be linked to health promotion? If so, how?
- -What are the health problems associated with the social problem?
- -Which health problem is most important to change (priority)?
-Consider resources available, whether an intervention is necessary, and the amount of time needed to solve problem.
Analyzing
prioritize
Conducting a needs assessment
3) Analyzing data (cont.)
- Basic Priority Rating Model (BPR Model) – planners rate four different components of identified needs to determine priority ratings between 0 and 100.
A) Size of problem (0-10).
B) Seriousness of problem (0-20).
C) Effectiveness of possible interventions (0-10).
D) Propriety, economics, acceptability, resources, and legality (PEARL) (0-1).
*Place scores in formula: BPR = [(A + B)C / 3] x D.
yuH
Conducting a needs assessment
4) Identifying the risk factors linked to the ______ problem:
- Parallels Phase 2 of PRECEDE-PROCEED model – epidemiological assessment.
- -Genetic risk factors.
- –Typically cannot be changes.
- Behavioral risk factors.
- Environmental risk factors.
- -Physical, economical, social, psychological, emotional, political, and service environments.
- Prioritize risk factors once identified.
health
Conducting a needs assessment
5) Identifying the program focus:
- Similar to Phase 3 of PRECEDE-PROCEED Model – educational and ecological assessment.
- -Identify predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors that seem to directly impact risk factors.
- Consider existing programs to avoid duplicating efforts.
- -Research.
- -Networking.
- -Community resource guide.
- -Organizations.
Yuh
Conducting a needs assessment
6) Validating the prioritized needs.
- Confirm need identified is the need that should be addressed.
- -Double checking.
- Recheck steps followed in needs assessment to eliminate bias.
- Conduct focus group to determine reaction to identified need.
- Get second opinion from other health professionals.
Yuh
