Exam 2 - small animal pathology

Question 1

what is the classical or prevalence theory of the CEHMEP complex

Answer 1

1. estrogen priming - develops endometrial glands & increases P receptors in uterus
2. progesterone - development/secretion of endometrial glands, suppress motility, close cervix, decreased immune function in uterus
3. cystic changes = CEH

Question 2

what is the special pathogen theory of the CEHMEP complex

Answer 2

more pathogenic strains of E.coli have special virulence factors that lead to endometritis then CEH then pyometra

Question 3

give a general summary of the development of a pyometra

Answer 3

older maiden bitch with continuous non-pregnant cycles leads to CEH, E.coli during estrus ascends vagina but uterine cyst make it hard to clear before progesterone influence closes the cervix

Question 4

pyometra or CEH requires what horomone

Answer 4

progesterone

Question 5

why is every intact bitch susceptible to developing a pyometra whether bred or not

Answer 5

diestrus (non-pregnant) and pregnancy progesterone levels in the bitch are very similar due to NO luteolytic mechanism

Question 6

progesterone functions

Answer 6

stimulates proliferation/secretion of endometrial glands
cervix closed
no myometrial contractions
suppress immune response

Question 7

what is the gold standard diagnostic for early detection of pyometra and differentiating from pregnancy

Answer 7

ultrasound

Question 8

what is the treatment of choice for pyometra

Answer 8

ovariohysterectomy

Question 9

what is the aim of medical treatment for pyometra

Answer 9

to get rid of progesterone

Question 10

what are the 2 types of vaginitis

Answer 10

juvenile “puppy” < 1 yr
adult-onset >1 yr, spayed > intact

Question 11

etiology and clinical signs of juvenile vaginitis

Answer 11

etiology: likely immune-mediated
clinical sign: only licking at the vulva

Question 12

causes of adult PRIMARY vaginitis

Answer 12

brucella canis
CHV
TVT

Question 13

causes of adult SECONDARY vaginitis

Answer 13

anatomic abnormalities (e.g. vestibulovaginal junction)
perivulval dermatitis/atopy
foreign body
neoplasia
urinary incontinence
lower urinary tract disease

Question 14

when is a vaginal culture diagnostic for vaginitis

Answer 14

mixed population of commensal bacteria is normal
need pure heavy growth of a single bacteria + hx + clinical signs

Question 15

vaginitis is often associated with chronic use of _____

Answer 15

antibiotics

Question 16

what hormone is vaginal hyperplasia associated with

Answer 16

estrogen

Question 17

vaginal hyperplasia is common in these breeds ____ and is _____

Answer 17

boxer, mastiff, bulldog
heritable

Question 18

what diagnostic do you do for vaginal hyperplasia

Answer 18

vaginal cytology to confirm presence of estrogen (>90% SCI)

Question 19

ovarian remnant syndrome is associated with what hormone

Answer 19

estrogen

Question 20

what are some ddx in a spayed bitch with blood vulval discharge

Answer 20

exogenous estrogen therapy/creams by owners
coagulopathy
trauma
ORS

Question 21

what hormones can you use to check for ORS

Answer 21

Estrogen
Progesterone
LH
AMH

Question 22

what hormone is used in shelters as a spay check test

Answer 22

AMH
would be increased if ovaries present (secreted by ovary granulosa cells)
can be measured at any stage of estrous cycle - single test

Question 23

if ovaries are present, LH will be ____

Answer 23

low due to - feedback

Question 24

if there are no ovaries, LH will be _____

Answer 24

high because of no - feedback

Question 25

when is the typical day to inseminate with fresh AI

Answer 25

4 days after LH

Question 26

when is the typical day to inseminate with frozen semen

Answer 26

5 days after LH