Exam 2 Review Slides- Lecture 9/24/21

Question 1

Reversible proliferative states (4)

Answer 1

• Regeneration
• Hyperplasia
• Metaplasia
• Dysplasia

Question 2

Irreversible proliferation states

Answer 2

Neoplasia=tumor

• Benign
• Malignant

Question 3

Examples of regeneration

Answer 3

Liver, vascular endothelium after surgery

Question 4

Hyperplasia examples (pathologic)

Answer 4

Graves (hyperthyroidism), restenosis (after balloon angioplasty),

Question 5

Example of hyperplasia (physiologic)

Answer 5

Expansion of hematopoietic

Question 6

Metaplasia examples

Answer 6

Chronic PID, respiratory epithelium in smokers

Question 7

Dysplasia examples

Answer 7

Cervix (pap smear), precursor to cancer

Question 8

Benign neoplasia example

Answer 8

Fibroids

Question 9

Malignant neoplasia example

Answer 9

Cancer

Question 10

Tissue growth

Answer 10

More proliferation than apoptosis

Question 11

Tissue shrinkage

Answer 11

More apoptosis than proliferation

Question 12

Necrosis hallmark

Answer 12

Inflammation, triggered by sustained ischemia, physical or chemical trauma, cells swell and lyse

Question 13

Apoptosis hallmark

Answer 13

Phagocytosis, triggered by specific signals, cells shrink, organelles intact, chromatin degraded systematically, membrane blebs

Question 14

3 phases of apoptosis

Answer 14

1) Induction
2) Modulation
3) Execution

Question 15

Induction

Answer 15

Physiologic, damage-related, therapy-associated. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathway

Question 16

Examples of extrinsic apoptosis

Answer 16

FasL (immunological privilege)

TNFalpha (tumor necrosis factor)

Question 17

Modulation

Answer 17

Intrinsic only, pro and anti apoptotic BCL family proteins

Question 18

Execution

Answer 18

Caspase cascade-> induces blebbing and endonuclease activity

Question 19

Immunologic privileged sites

Answer 19

Eye and testis, endothelial cells express FAS ligand and Lymphocytes express fas receptor, induces apoptosis

Question 20

Cacchexia

Answer 20

Mass cell death by TNF in cancer

Question 21

Blistering diseases dysfunction

Answer 21

Keratin (desmosomes, hemidesmosomes)

Question 22

Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia

Answer 22

Integrins, platelets can’t aggregate

Question 23

Metastatic cancer dysfunction

Answer 23

Overproduction of MMPs allow metastasis, inhibiting MMPs cuts off angiogenesis

Question 24

Chondrodysplasias

Answer 24

Mutations in Collagen II or chondroitin PG

Question 25

Goodpasture syndrome

Answer 25

Autoimmune disease attacks collagen IV, affects lung and kidney basement membrane

Question 26

Alport syndrome

Answer 26

Collagen IV mutation, effects the kidney

Question 27

Ehler-Danlos syndrome

Answer 27

Various collagen mutations, hyper flexible joints, loose skin, etc

Question 28

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 28

Collagen I mutation

Question 29

Scurvy

Answer 29

Vitamin C deficiency, cofactor needed for prolylhydroxylase in collagen synthesis

Question 30

Angiogenesis

Answer 30

MMP involves, especially collagen XVIII

Question 31

Anti-angiogenesis

Answer 31

Endostatin derived from collagen XVIII inhibits MMPS, stops angiogenesis

Question 32

Collagen I

Answer 32

Most abundent, fibrillar, found in bone tendon, CT etc

Question 33

Collagen II

Answer 33

Fibrillar, found in cartilage

Question 34

Collagen IV

Answer 34

Sheet like network, found in the basal lamina

Question 35

Collagen XVIII

Answer 35

Found in the basal lamina around blood vessels

Question 36

P-selectin

Answer 36

A matricellular protein that aids in leukocyte “rolling”

Question 37

ICAM-1

Answer 37

Cell adhesion molecule 1, beinding to this molecule triggers extravasation

Question 38

Male timeline of spermatogenesis

Answer 38

From 20 weeks of gestation until puberty, have immature spermatogonia, after puberty make a ton of sperm

Question 39

Female timeline of gametogenesis

Answer 39

Progenitor cells in 8-20 weeks gestation arrested in prophase I, puberty start developing secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase of meiosis II after LH surge, complete at fertilization

Question 40

Sperm capacitation

Answer 40

Key event #1: freshly ejeculated sperm stripped of glycoproteins and seminal protein coat so can swim

Question 41

Acrosome reaction

Answer 41

Key event 2: Sperm recognize ZP3 which induced reaction, causes release of enzymes that break down the matrix and allows the sperm to penetrate reaction

Question 42

Gamete membrane fusion

Answer 42

Key event #3: The sperm and oocyte cell membranes fuse, start of fertilization, Ca2+ wave triggers completion of meiosis II

Question 43

The cortical reaction

Answer 43

Key event #4: Fusion triggers massive exocytosis of cortical granules which cross link ZP and degrade ZP3 blocking polyspermy

Question 44

End of fertilization

Answer 44

After pronuclei fuse, Cell undergoes S phase and is now ready to divide

Question 45

Spontaneous abortion rate

Answer 45

50%

Question 46

Major causes of early abortion (3)

Answer 46

Chromosomal abnormalities
Cleavage problems
Progesterone insufficiency

Question 47

PGE2 functions (3)

Answer 47

• Contraction of thecal cells in ovulation
• Blocks activation of both T-cells and NK cells after implantation
• Stimulating the contraction of uterine myometrial cells during labor

Question 48

Types of uterine abnormalities (4)

Answer 48

• Uterine fibroids
• Congenital uterine development anomalies (Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome)
• Excessive scar tissue (Asher an syndrome) May occur after uterine surgery
• Excessive scar tissue from STIs (vaginal canal and cervix, not surgically treatable)

Question 49

Causes of low sperm number/function

Answer 49

HPT abnormalities

Varicocele

Question 50

Varicocele

Answer 50

A dilated testis vein the leads to the increase in temperature of scrotum, boiling sperm alive

Question 51

Aging (risk factor) (3)

Answer 51

• Infertility
• spontaneous miscarriage
• Birth defects