Exam 2 Review Slides- Lecture 9/24/21 Flashcards
Reversible proliferative states (4)
- Regeneration
- Hyperplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
Irreversible proliferation states
Neoplasia=tumor
- Benign
- Malignant
Examples of regeneration
Liver, vascular endothelium after surgery
Hyperplasia examples (pathologic)
Graves (hyperthyroidism), restenosis (after balloon angioplasty),
Example of hyperplasia (physiologic)
Expansion of hematopoietic
Metaplasia examples
Chronic PID, respiratory epithelium in smokers
Dysplasia examples
Cervix (pap smear), precursor to cancer
Benign neoplasia example
Fibroids
Malignant neoplasia example
Cancer
Tissue growth
More proliferation than apoptosis
Tissue shrinkage
More apoptosis than proliferation
Necrosis hallmark
Inflammation, triggered by sustained ischemia, physical or chemical trauma, cells swell and lyse
Apoptosis hallmark
Phagocytosis, triggered by specific signals, cells shrink, organelles intact, chromatin degraded systematically, membrane blebs
3 phases of apoptosis
1) Induction
2) Modulation
3) Execution
Induction
Physiologic, damage-related, therapy-associated. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathway
Examples of extrinsic apoptosis
FasL (immunological privilege)
TNFalpha (tumor necrosis factor)
Modulation
Intrinsic only, pro and anti apoptotic BCL family proteins
Execution
Caspase cascade-> induces blebbing and endonuclease activity
Immunologic privileged sites
Eye and testis, endothelial cells express FAS ligand and Lymphocytes express fas receptor, induces apoptosis
Cacchexia
Mass cell death by TNF in cancer
Blistering diseases dysfunction
Keratin (desmosomes, hemidesmosomes)
Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia
Integrins, platelets can’t aggregate
Metastatic cancer dysfunction
Overproduction of MMPs allow metastasis, inhibiting MMPs cuts off angiogenesis
Chondrodysplasias
Mutations in Collagen II or chondroitin PG
Goodpasture syndrome
Autoimmune disease attacks collagen IV, affects lung and kidney basement membrane
Alport syndrome
Collagen IV mutation, effects the kidney
Ehler-Danlos syndrome
Various collagen mutations, hyper flexible joints, loose skin, etc
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Collagen I mutation
Scurvy
Vitamin C deficiency, cofactor needed for prolylhydroxylase in collagen synthesis
Angiogenesis
MMP involves, especially collagen XVIII
Anti-angiogenesis
Endostatin derived from collagen XVIII inhibits MMPS, stops angiogenesis
Collagen I
Most abundent, fibrillar, found in bone tendon, CT etc
Collagen II
Fibrillar, found in cartilage
Collagen IV
Sheet like network, found in the basal lamina
Collagen XVIII
Found in the basal lamina around blood vessels
P-selectin
A matricellular protein that aids in leukocyte “rolling”
ICAM-1
Cell adhesion molecule 1, beinding to this molecule triggers extravasation
Male timeline of spermatogenesis
From 20 weeks of gestation until puberty, have immature spermatogonia, after puberty make a ton of sperm
Female timeline of gametogenesis
Progenitor cells in 8-20 weeks gestation arrested in prophase I, puberty start developing secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase of meiosis II after LH surge, complete at fertilization
Sperm capacitation
Key event #1: freshly ejeculated sperm stripped of glycoproteins and seminal protein coat so can swim
Acrosome reaction
Key event 2: Sperm recognize ZP3 which induced reaction, causes release of enzymes that break down the matrix and allows the sperm to penetrate reaction
Gamete membrane fusion
Key event #3: The sperm and oocyte cell membranes fuse, start of fertilization, Ca2+ wave triggers completion of meiosis II
The cortical reaction
Key event #4: Fusion triggers massive exocytosis of cortical granules which cross link ZP and degrade ZP3 blocking polyspermy
End of fertilization
After pronuclei fuse, Cell undergoes S phase and is now ready to divide
Spontaneous abortion rate
50%
Major causes of early abortion (3)
Chromosomal abnormalities
Cleavage problems
Progesterone insufficiency
PGE2 functions (3)
- Contraction of thecal cells in ovulation
- Blocks activation of both T-cells and NK cells after implantation
- Stimulating the contraction of uterine myometrial cells during labor
Types of uterine abnormalities (4)
- Uterine fibroids
- Congenital uterine development anomalies (Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome)
- Excessive scar tissue (Asher an syndrome) May occur after uterine surgery
- Excessive scar tissue from STIs (vaginal canal and cervix, not surgically treatable)
Causes of low sperm number/function
HPT abnormalities
Varicocele
Varicocele
A dilated testis vein the leads to the increase in temperature of scrotum, boiling sperm alive
Aging (risk factor) (3)
- Infertility
- spontaneous miscarriage
- Birth defects
