Development I-Lecture 9/20/21

Question 1

Embryonic period

Answer 1

First 8 weeks of gestation

Question 2

Fetal period

Answer 2

The remainder of the gestation period after 8 weeks

Question 3

Gametes

Answer 3

Specialized germ cells from the male and the female, haploid in chromosome number

Question 4

End of female gametogenesis

Answer 4

Fertilization

Question 5

Meiosis

Answer 5

To consecutive cell divisions with one round of DNA replication, leading to haploid cells

Question 6

Relative size of male and female gametes

Answer 6

Ovum can be 100s of times bigger

Question 7

Acrosome

Answer 7

Modified Golgi body that contains enzymes necessary to penetrate zona pellucida

Question 8

Mid-piece of tail

Answer 8

Contains all mitochondria necessary for energy production in the flagella

Question 9

When are sperm produced

Answer 9

Puberty onward in males

Question 10

HPO axis

Answer 10

Hypothalamus to pituatary to ovary axis

Question 11

Hormone production by hypothalamus

Answer 11

GnRH, stimulates pituitary

Question 12

Hormone production by pituitary

Answer 12

FSH and LH, stimulates the ovaries

Question 13

Hormone production by the ovaries

Answer 13

Estrogen and progesterone, stimulates the uterus

Question 14

GnRH mechanism of action

Answer 14

Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of FSH and LH

Question 15

FSH mechanism of action

Answer 15

Stimulates ovarian follicle growth, differentiation and steroidogenesis

Question 16

LH mechanism of action

Answer 16

Stimulates ovulation, corpus outrun formation and steroidogenesis

Question 17

Progestins source

Answer 17

Corpus luteum

Question 18

LH surge

Answer 18

A sharp increase in LH plasma levels that stimulates ovulation caused by increase in estrogen levels

Question 19

Primary follicle

Answer 19

Oocyte is arrested in prophase of meiosis I

Question 20

Secondary follicul

Answer 20

Stimulated by LH surge, arrested in metaphase of meiosis II

Question 21

Graafian follicle

Answer 21

The mature follicle that gets ovulated

Question 22

Ovulation

Answer 22

PGE2 stimulates muscle contraction of the thecal cells surrounding follicle, expelling the oocyte towards the Fallopian tube

Question 23

Zona palucida

Answer 23

Proteinacious zone surrounding oocytes

Question 24

Cumulus oophorus

Answer 24

Cells that attach the oocytes to the follicular cells

Question 25

Antrum

Answer 25

Follicular portion that is filled with nutrient rich fluids

Question 26

Follicular secretion

Answer 26

FSH stimulated 8-12 follicles to grow every month and secrete estrogen

Question 27

What determines the dominant follicle

Answer 27

Fastest growing follicle, has the most FSH receptors

Question 28

Degeneration of losing follicles

Answer 28

Degenerate via apoptosis

Question 29

Theca cells

Answer 29

The smooth muscle like cells that is triggered by PGE2

Question 30

Corona Radiata

Answer 30

The few layers of follicular cells that go with the egg after ovulation

Question 31

Down syndrome

Answer 31

Trisomy 21 caused by the non-disjunction

Question 32

Fertilization

Answer 32

Occurs in the ampulla of the Fallopian tube, cannot occur in the uterus