Exam 2 review questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest driving force pushing fluid from the capillaries into interstitial fluid?

A

blood hydrostatic pressure

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2
Q

which of the following would increase arterial blood pressure?

A

increased in sympathetic stimulation

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3
Q

Which of the following would not increase arterial blood pressure?

A

increased arteriolar vasodilation

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4
Q

which type of capillary has an incomplete or missing basement membrane?

A

sinusoid capillary

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5
Q

which layer of an arterial wall is responsible for vasoconstriction ?

A

tunica media

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6
Q

At rest, which blood vessels server as a large blood reservoir?

A

veins and venules

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7
Q

which of the following is the most important method of capillary exchange?

A

diffusion

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8
Q

which of the following are specific defenses against disease?

A

lymphocytes, and antibodies

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9
Q

which of the following are first line of non-specific defenses against disease?

A

skin, mucous membranes, and secretion of skin and mucous membranes

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10
Q

which of the following are second line of non-specific defenses against disease?

A

phagocytic white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, and inflammatory response

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11
Q

what are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A

cell-mediated and antibody-mediated

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12
Q

what are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

red bone marrow and thymus

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13
Q

what are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules

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14
Q

Which cells are the most important cells in the immune system because they activate other immune cells?

A

Helper T cells

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15
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells kill infected body cells?

A

they kill most target cells by releasing granzymes that induce apoptosis

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16
Q

what are some examples of antigen presenting cells?

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

17
Q

which type of cell releases interferon?

A

virus-infected cells

18
Q

Which of the following cells of the alveoli produce surfactant?

A

alveolar type ll cells

19
Q

what part of the brain most directly controls the respiratory rate?

A

medulla oblongata

20
Q

what structure prevents food and water from entering the trachea?

A

epiglottis

21
Q

What is the main method of CO2 transport from body tissues to the lungs for release?

A

they transport as bicarbonate ion in the plasma

22
Q

what muscles contract or relax during normal quiet breathing?

A

the diaphragm relaxes and the external intercostal muscles relax, followed by elastic recoil of lungs

23
Q

Under what conditions does hemoglobin have a greater affinity for oxygen?

A

elevated pH, decreased in partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and lowered body temperature

24
Q

what structure connects the pharynx to the trachea?

A

larynx

25
Q

Which law describes the pressure changes that occur during pulmonary ventilation?

A

Boyle’s law

26
Q

Which of the following cells secrete hydrochloric acid?

A

Parietal cells

27
Q

Which portion of the peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm?

A

falciform ligament

28
Q

Which organs produce chemical substances that aid in digestion in the small intestine?

A

liver and pancreas

29
Q

Where in the digestive tract foes most digestion occur?

A

small intestine

30
Q

Which layer of the GI tract is composed of connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis?

A

submucosa

31
Q

Which of the following is a main function of the stomach?

A

Mixes saliva, food, and gastric juice to form chyme. Serves as a reservoir for food before release into the small intestine. Secretes gastric juice, which contains HCl, pepsin, intrinsic factor, and gastric lipase. Secretes gastrin into the blood.

32
Q

Which of the following would increase vascular resistance?

A

Increase in blood viscosity

33
Q

Which of the following is a factor that aids in venous return?

A

Vales, respiratory pump, and skeletal muscle pump