Exam 2 review questions Flashcards
What is the largest driving force pushing fluid from the capillaries into interstitial fluid?
blood hydrostatic pressure
which of the following would increase arterial blood pressure?
increased in sympathetic stimulation
Which of the following would not increase arterial blood pressure?
increased arteriolar vasodilation
which type of capillary has an incomplete or missing basement membrane?
sinusoid capillary
which layer of an arterial wall is responsible for vasoconstriction ?
tunica media
At rest, which blood vessels server as a large blood reservoir?
veins and venules
which of the following is the most important method of capillary exchange?
diffusion
which of the following are specific defenses against disease?
lymphocytes, and antibodies
which of the following are first line of non-specific defenses against disease?
skin, mucous membranes, and secretion of skin and mucous membranes
which of the following are second line of non-specific defenses against disease?
phagocytic white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, and inflammatory response
what are the two types of adaptive immunity?
cell-mediated and antibody-mediated
what are the primary lymphatic organs?
red bone marrow and thymus
what are the secondary lymphatic organs?
lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules
Which cells are the most important cells in the immune system because they activate other immune cells?
Helper T cells
How do cytotoxic T cells kill infected body cells?
they kill most target cells by releasing granzymes that induce apoptosis
what are some examples of antigen presenting cells?
dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells
which type of cell releases interferon?
virus-infected cells
Which of the following cells of the alveoli produce surfactant?
alveolar type ll cells
what part of the brain most directly controls the respiratory rate?
medulla oblongata
what structure prevents food and water from entering the trachea?
epiglottis
What is the main method of CO2 transport from body tissues to the lungs for release?
they transport as bicarbonate ion in the plasma
what muscles contract or relax during normal quiet breathing?
the diaphragm relaxes and the external intercostal muscles relax, followed by elastic recoil of lungs
Under what conditions does hemoglobin have a greater affinity for oxygen?
elevated pH, decreased in partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and lowered body temperature
what structure connects the pharynx to the trachea?
larynx
Which law describes the pressure changes that occur during pulmonary ventilation?
Boyle’s law
Which of the following cells secrete hydrochloric acid?
Parietal cells
Which portion of the peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm?
falciform ligament
Which organs produce chemical substances that aid in digestion in the small intestine?
liver and pancreas
Where in the digestive tract foes most digestion occur?
small intestine
Which layer of the GI tract is composed of connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis?
submucosa
Which of the following is a main function of the stomach?
Mixes saliva, food, and gastric juice to form chyme. Serves as a reservoir for food before release into the small intestine. Secretes gastric juice, which contains HCl, pepsin, intrinsic factor, and gastric lipase. Secretes gastrin into the blood.
Which of the following would increase vascular resistance?
Increase in blood viscosity
Which of the following is a factor that aids in venous return?
Vales, respiratory pump, and skeletal muscle pump
