Exam 2 review questions

Question 1

What is the largest driving force pushing fluid from the capillaries into interstitial fluid?

Answer 1

blood hydrostatic pressure

Question 2

which of the following would increase arterial blood pressure?

Answer 2

increased in sympathetic stimulation

Question 3

Which of the following would not increase arterial blood pressure?

Answer 3

increased arteriolar vasodilation

Question 4

which type of capillary has an incomplete or missing basement membrane?

Answer 4

sinusoid capillary

Question 5

which layer of an arterial wall is responsible for vasoconstriction ?

Answer 5

tunica media

Question 6

At rest, which blood vessels server as a large blood reservoir?

Answer 6

veins and venules

Question 7

which of the following is the most important method of capillary exchange?

Answer 7

diffusion

Question 8

which of the following are specific defenses against disease?

Answer 8

lymphocytes, and antibodies

Question 9

which of the following are first line of non-specific defenses against disease?

Answer 9

skin, mucous membranes, and secretion of skin and mucous membranes

Question 10

which of the following are second line of non-specific defenses against disease?

Answer 10

phagocytic white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, and inflammatory response

Question 11

what are the two types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 11

cell-mediated and antibody-mediated

Question 12

what are the primary lymphatic organs?

Answer 12

red bone marrow and thymus

Question 13

what are the secondary lymphatic organs?

Answer 13

lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules

Question 14

Which cells are the most important cells in the immune system because they activate other immune cells?

Answer 14

Helper T cells

Question 15

How do cytotoxic T cells kill infected body cells?

Answer 15

they kill most target cells by releasing granzymes that induce apoptosis

Question 16

what are some examples of antigen presenting cells?

Answer 16

dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

Question 17

which type of cell releases interferon?

Answer 17

virus-infected cells

Question 18

Which of the following cells of the alveoli produce surfactant?

Answer 18

alveolar type ll cells

Question 19

what part of the brain most directly controls the respiratory rate?

Answer 19

medulla oblongata

Question 20

what structure prevents food and water from entering the trachea?

Answer 20

epiglottis

Question 21

What is the main method of CO2 transport from body tissues to the lungs for release?

Answer 21

they transport as bicarbonate ion in the plasma

Question 22

what muscles contract or relax during normal quiet breathing?

Answer 22

the diaphragm relaxes and the external intercostal muscles relax, followed by elastic recoil of lungs

Question 23

Under what conditions does hemoglobin have a greater affinity for oxygen?

Answer 23

elevated pH, decreased in partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and lowered body temperature

Question 24

what structure connects the pharynx to the trachea?

Answer 24

larynx

Question 25

Which law describes the pressure changes that occur during pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 25

Boyle's law

Question 26

Which of the following cells secrete hydrochloric acid?

Answer 26

Parietal cells

Question 27

Which portion of the peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm?

Answer 27

falciform ligament

Question 28

Which organs produce chemical substances that aid in digestion in the small intestine?

Answer 28

liver and pancreas

Question 29

Where in the digestive tract foes most digestion occur?

Answer 29

small intestine

Question 30

Which layer of the GI tract is composed of connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis?

Answer 30

submucosa

Question 31

Which of the following is a main function of the stomach?

Answer 31

Mixes saliva, food, and gastric juice to form chyme. Serves as a reservoir for food before release into the small intestine. Secretes gastric juice, which contains HCl, pepsin, intrinsic factor, and gastric lipase. Secretes gastrin into the blood.

Question 32

Which of the following would increase vascular resistance?

Answer 32

Increase in blood viscosity

Question 33

Which of the following is a factor that aids in venous return?

Answer 33

Vales, respiratory pump, and skeletal muscle pump