Ch.22 Questions Flashcards
What’s re the components of the lymphatic system?
Palatine tonsil, submandibular node, cervical node, lymphatic duct, thymus, thoracic duct, chiste a chili, red bone marrow
What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?
Drain excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary fats, and carries out immune responses
What is the function of the valves?
Prevents backward flow of lymph fluid, which allows the lymphatic system to function without a central pump
What are the primary lymphatic organs?
Red bone marrow and thymus
What are the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues?
Lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules
What are some chemical barriers produced by the skin?
Sebum and perspiration
What are some antimicrobial substances in the blood?
Interferons and complement proteins
How do interferon’s function?
It enters new cells and inhibits viral replication. It also acts against a large variety of non-specific viruses
How do complement proteins function?
They collaborate to opsonize pathogens and induce a series of inflammatory responses helping immune cells to fight infection and maintain homeostasis
How do natural killer cell’s function?
They control several types of tumors and microbial infection by limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage
What are the two major types of phagocytes?
Macrophages and neutrophils
What are the stages of phagocytosis?
Recognition of the target particle. Signaling to activate the internalization machinery. Phagosome formation. Phagolysosome maturation
What are the stages of inflammation?
Acute (swelling stage), sub-acute(regenerative stage), chronic (scar tissue maturation), and remodeling stage
How does a mile (100 degrees F) fever help fight infection?
It induces stress on pathogens and infected cell directly and combines with other stressors to provide a nonspecific immune defenses
What re the 5 stages?
Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation and fever
What is the difference between T cells and B cells?
T cells can easily wipe out any virus and bacteria. B cells secrete antibodies
Where do T cells mature?
Thymus
Where do B cells mature?
Red bone marrow
What are antigen receptor?
An antibody protein that was not secreted by B cells
Why are helper T cells important?
They are the ones that activate T cells and B cells to fight targeted cells.
What is the function of interleukins in the immune response?
To modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses
Why are memory cells important?
They quickly recognize and attack any returning viruses or bacteria making a lot of antibodies
What are antigens?
A toxin or other foreign substances which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies
What are epitopes?
The part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself
What are Mhc molecules?
Are membrane associated by glycoprotein molecules that bind peptide antigens and presents them to T cells
What are antigen presenting cells?
Boost immune response. B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells
How do cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells?
They release enzymes called granzymes that induce target cells to undergo apoptosis
How do B cells destroy antigens in body fluids?
Antibodies attach to a specific antigen and make it easier for the immune cells to destroy the antigen
What is an antigen?
Are substances recognized as foreign that provoke immune responses
