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ANS3043 Growth & Development of Farm Animals > Exam 2: Review > Flashcards

Exam 2: Review Flashcards

1
Q

Compared to the analogy of soup what are the carrot, broth, noodles and everything outside the bowl a representation of?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Ground Substance
  3. Protein Fibers
  4. Extracellular Matrix
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2
Q

Describe Collagen

A
  1. Strongest, most abundant type of cell
  2. Tough
  3. Provides high tensile strength
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3
Q

Describe Elastic Fibers

A
  1. Networks of long, thin, elastic fibers
  2. Allows for stretch and recoil
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4
Q

Describe what are Reticular

A
  1. Short, fine, high branched collagenous fibers
  2. Forms networks
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5
Q

How does the process of collagen synthesis and maturation occur?

A
  1. Occurs from Alpha chains
  2. Pre-Procollagen
  3. Procollagen
  4. Procollagen
  5. Tropocollagen
  6. Collagen Fibril
  7. Collagen Fiber (multiple fibrils)
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6
Q

For Alpha chains to turn into Pre-collagen what must occur? What other processes follow after?

A
  1. Hydroxylation of lysine and proline by enzymes
  2. Helix Formation
  3. Exported from Fibroblast cell to extracellular matrix
  4. Ends removed
  5. Tropocollagen molecules align Lysyl oxidase contributes to cross-link formation
  6. Maturation of cross-links increases stability (insoluble)
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7
Q

Where are some examples one could find Loose connective tissue?

A
  1. Under all epithelia
  2. nerves
  3. esophagus
  4. fascia between muscles
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8
Q

Where could one find some dense irregular connective tissue?

A
  1. Dermis of skin
  2. Spleen
  3. Capsules around liver
  4. Fibrous sheath around bones
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9
Q

Where could one find Dense regular connective tissue?

A

Tendons and ligaments

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10
Q

What can Loose connective tissue do?

A
  1. Nourishes, cushions epithelia
  2. Provides arena for immune defense
  3. Binds organs together
  4. allows passage for nerves and blood vessels through other tissues
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11
Q

What does Dense irregular connective tissue do?

A
  1. Protects organs from injury
  2. Provides protective capsules around many organs
  3. Provides Toughness
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12
Q

What does Dense regular connective tissue do?

A
  1. Binds bone together
  2. Attaches muscles to bone
  3. Transfers force from muscle to bone
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13
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  1. Elastic
  2. Hyaline
  3. Fibrocartilage
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14
Q

What does Elastic cartilage consist of?

A
  1. Mostly elastic fibers
  2. Very flexible
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15
Q

What does Hyaline consist of? How can it be described?

A
  1. High concentrate of densely packed fine collagen fibers
  2. Tough & resistant to pressure and friction
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16
Q

What does Fibrocartilage consist of? How can it be described?

A
  1. Almost all collagen fibers
  2. Little ground substance
  3. Very tough
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17
Q

In terms of flexibility and toughness how can Elastic, Hyaline and Fibrocartilage be described?

A
  1. Very flexible
  2. Tough, Somewhat flexible
  3. Very tough, durable
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18
Q

Out of the 3 types of cartilage which is the most abundant? What can it become through ossification?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. It can become bone through ossification
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19
Q

Out of the 3 cartilage which one has a yellowish appearance? Which one has a Blueish-white, glassy appearance? Which one is found in intervertebral discs?

A
  1. Elastin
  2. Hyaline
  3. Fibrocartilage
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20
Q

What is an Osteoblast, Osteocyte & Osteoclasts?

A
  1. A cell that will produce new bone
  2. A mature bone cell within the mineralized matrix
  3. Involved in bone resportion (breakdown) and remodeling; multinucleated
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21
Q

What is the definition of Chondrocytes, Bone lining cells?

A
  1. Mature cartilage cells
  2. inactive cells on bone surface
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22
Q

What are the types of Bone tissues?

A
  1. Compact (cortical)
  2. Spongy (trabecular)
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23
Q

What are features that are in a compact (cortical) bone?

A
  1. Very dense stucture
  2. Found at periphery of bones
  3. Provides rigidity and strength to bone
  4. Ca not as readily available
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24
Q

What are the features of a spongy (trabecular) bone?

A
  1. Network of struts/ thick netting
  2. Found in vertebrae, flat bones, shafts and ends of long bones
  3. Ca is more available
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25
Q

What is the definition of Endochondral ossification? What does it consist of and what are its components?

A
  1. Bone formation from a cartilage template
  2. All tubular and flat bones, vertebrae
  3. Stops after skeletal maturity
  4. Contributes to increase in bone length
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26
Q

What is the definition of an intramembranous ossification? What does it consist of and what are its components?

A
  1. Bone formation as a replacement of connective tissue, but in the absence of cartilage
  2. Cortex of tubular and flat bones, facial bones, most of cranial bones (skull), and clavicles, etc
  3. Remodeling throughout life
  4. Increase in bone thickness
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27
Q

During the development of bone what do most bones of a skeleton have?

A

They have a cartilage template that gradually is replaced by bone

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28
Q

When it comes to the formation of bone in what order does the process go in?

A
  1. Mesenchme
  2. Cartilage
  3. Hypetrophic chondrocytes
  4. Osteoblasts (bone)
  5. Blood vessel
  6. Proliferating chondrocytes
  7. (Final product)
29
Q

What does the final product of bone consist of?

A

Consists of:
1. Epiphyseal cartilage
2. Growth plate
3. Bone marrow
4. Bone
5. Growth plate.

30
Q

What occurs for mesenchyme to turn into cartilage?

A
  1. Mesenchyme condenses during embryogenesis
  2. Commited messenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes that proliferate rapidly to form the model for bone.
31
Q

From cartilage in order to form hypetrophic chondrocytes what must occur?

A
  1. Centrally located chondrocytes stop dividing and undergo hypetrophy
  2. Hypetrophic chondrocytes die with apoptosis?
32
Q

What is the difference between Apoptosis and Necrosis?

A
  1. Apoptosis has programmed cell death and is non-inflammatory
  2. Necrosis is a response to a toxic environment or trauma, inflammatory.
33
Q

After apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes, what occurs in the process of Osteoblasts (bone) and Blood vessel?

A
  1. After apoptosis it allows the center of the bone for blood vessels to enter
  2. Invasion of osteoblasts
  3. Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix on partially degraded collagen
  4. Perichondrium is converted to periosteum. Osteoblasts form a layer of bone around the diaphysis.
34
Q

After a blood vessel is integrated into the bone how does it turn into proliferating chondrocytes?

A
  1. Primary ossification center is established in the central portion of the diaphysis
  2. Osteoblasts replaced cartilage with spongy bone on top
  3. Bone is formed until the diaphysis is filled
  4. As bone grows, osteoclasts hollow out a marrow cavity
35
Q

How does bone formation and growth consist of? What happens at the end of the whole process

A
  1. Proliferating
  2. Hypertrophic
  3. Mineralizing chondrocytes.
  4. Secondary ossification centers form as blood vessels enter near the tip of the bone
36
Q

When it comes to secondary centers of ossification when do start to function? What occurs?

A
  1. Occurs shortly after birth
  2. Chondorcytes in the bone epiphyses have been maturing and are invaded by blood vessels
  3. Osteoblasts produce spongy bone that replaces epiphyseal cartilage
  4. Leaves articular cartilage, and cartilage at growth plate.
37
Q

For the Epiphyseal growth plate how does the process go?

A
  1. Resting zone
  2. Proliferating zone
  3. Prehypertrophic zone
  4. Hypertrophic zone
  5. Trabecular bone
38
Q

What occurs in the resting zone?

A
  1. Chondrocytes closest to the epiphysis
  2. Source of chondrocytes that form the proliferation zone
39
Q

What occurs in the proliferating zone?

A
  1. Chondrocytes proliferate and flatten
  2. Chondrocytes also laying down a cartilage extracellular matrix that will alter serve as a scaffold for bone formation
  3. Process pushes the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
40
Q

What occurs in the Prehypertrophic zone?

A
  1. Chondrocytes enter the maturation zone and begin to differentiate and enlarge
  2. Cells produce additional molecules for the extracellular matrix including collagen fibers
  3. This process builds cartilage
41
Q

What occurs in the hypetrophic zone?

A
  1. Chondrocytes and their lacunae become 5-12 x bigger
  2. Chondrocytes eventually die leaving behind calcified cartilage matrix that is invaded by capillaries and osteoblasts.
42
Q

What occurs in the Ossification zone?

A
  1. Characterized by development of new bone
  2. Osteoblasts move into calcified cartilage matrix and deposit organic matrix
  3. Osteoid + Osteoblast differenation = ossification
  4. Connection of adjacent osteocytes by cytoplasmic threads
  5. Leads to development of spong bone near ends of diaphysis
43
Q

What is Chondrodysplasia?

A
  1. Restriction of proliferation of pre-bone cartilage at the growth plate
  2. Receptor for FGF3 is high expressed in resting and proliferative chondorcytes, but not hypertrophic chondrocytes
  3. SNP in FGF3 Receptor gene
  4. Enhanced proliferation of pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes
44
Q

For FGF3 to be normal what must it do?

A
  1. It must limit bone growth
  2. Proliferation of resting and proliferating chondrocytes
45
Q

For FGF3 to be considered spider lamb what must occur?

A
  1. “Too much” bone growth
  2. Proliferation of resting and proliferating chondrocytes.
46
Q

What occurs in appositional bone growth?

A
  1. Increases the diameter of growing bone
  2. Occurs by intramembranous ossification
  3. This process is how compact bone is formed
47
Q

What makes up the muscle cell?

A
  1. Sarcolemma
  2. Sarcoplasm
  3. Mitochondria
  4. Myofibrils
  5. Myofilaments
  6. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  7. Nucleus
48
Q

How can one describe the Sarcolemma, Sarcoplasm, Mitochondria?

A
  1. Muscle plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Organelle of the muscle cell
49
Q

How can one describe the Sarcoplasmic reticulum, Myofilaments?

A
  1. Calcium reservoir
  2. Thick (Myosin) Thin (actin) (motor protein)
50
Q

What does the thin filament consist of?

A
  1. Tropomyosin: barrier between actin and myosin protein filaments and prevents irregular contracting
  2. TnT: binds to tropomyosin and anchors
  3. TnC: binds intracellular Ca2+
  4. TnI: binds actin, inhibits actin-myosin interaction
51
Q

How does on identify the sarcomere 5 aspects?

A
  1. A- band is dark and good amount of region
  2. M is the actual middle line in the center
  3. I is the lightest and is small region
  4. Z is the darkest line
  5. H is the grey ish looking side small like I but a bit smaller
  6. Sarcomere is from 1 dark like Z to the other.
52
Q

What does Costameres even do?

A

Links myofibrils and cytoskeleton to extracellular matrix through sarcolemma

53
Q

What cell is important for primary myogenesis, secondary and post natal? What will it do where muscle development is needed?

A
  1. Myotome cell
  2. Migrate to the locations in the body where muscle development is needed.
54
Q

For Myogenesis how does the process go?

A
  1. Mesodermal stem cell-> Determination
  2. Myoblast -> Proliferation
  3. Myoblasts -> Differentation fusion
  4. Myotubes (primary secondary) -> Maturation hypertrophy
  5. Muscle fiber (containing adult satellite cells)
55
Q

What are the key components to Myogenesis?

A
  1. Formation of 1(primary) myotubes is autonomous
  2. Formation of 2 (secondary) myotubes depends on contraction of 1 (primary) myotubes
  3. Animals may have 5-20+ x more 2(secondary fibers) than 1 (primary fibers)
  4. Initially, 1(primary myotubes are much larger, but toward late fetal development, there is a little size difference between 1 (primary) & 2 (secondary)
56
Q

What is a Myostatin?

A
  1. Growth factor = “signal” or first messenger
  2. Expressed in myotome of somites
  3. Negative regulator of muscle growth
57
Q

Pig birth weight ideas

A

As pig gets older his fiber # increase but his fiber area decreases, muscle weights more over time.

58
Q

When it comes to postanatal muscle growth how does its muscle fiber hypertrophy pattern go?

A
  1. Accumulation of myofibrillar protein
  2. Increase in length precedes, increase in diameter
59
Q

Concerning postnatal muscle growth how is its length and diameter affected?

A
  1. Addition of sarcomeres (L)
  2. Stretched induced hypetrophy (L)
  3. Addition of myofibrils (D)
  4. Splitting of myofibrils, addition of myofilaments (D)
  5. Work - or excercise-induced hypertrophy (D)
60
Q

What is the point of protein turn over?

A
  1. New proteins are made to replace ‘old’
  2. Protein accumulation depends on protein synthesis AND degradation
61
Q

What would be considered a protein loss?

A
  1. Degredation is higher than synthesis and accumulation is below average
62
Q

What would be considered a Net = 0 type of relationship in protein turn over?

A

Synthesis and Degradation are the same

63
Q

What does it mean when there is a protein deposition?

A
  1. Synthesis is high
  2. Degradation is lower and
  3. Acccumulation is very low
64
Q

What does Satellite cell recruitment do?

A
  1. Satellite cells can be activated
  2. Can proliferate and fuse with myofibers
  3. Contribute DNA
65
Q

What is the purpose of satellite cells being able to provide additional DNA?

A

Increases capacity for protein synthesis and hypertrophy.

66
Q

What are the enzyme systems involved in protein degradaton?

A
  1. Caspases (cystein proteases — apoptosis)
  2. Lysosomal proteases
  3. Calpain protease system (Ca2+ activated) (initiate proteolysis)
  4. Ubiquitin proteasome (require ATP)
67
Q

What is unique about the Callipyge lamb?

A
  1. Not evident at birth
  2. Greater muscle, less fat
  3. More DNA, RNA, protein
  4. Improved gain: feed
  5. Larger muscle fibers
  6. Higher % white muscle fibers
68
Q

When it comes to properties of muscle fibers what would be the difference between Type 1, Type 2 a, Type 2 x and type 2 b

A
  1. For type 1 Major storage fuel is not Phosphocreatine, glycogen compared to the rest but is instead triglycerides

ANS3043 Growth & Development of Farm Animals (8 decks)

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