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ANS3043 Growth & Development of Farm Animals > Exam 1: Cell signaling Prt 1&2 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Cell signaling Prt 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cell signaling? What does it consist of?

A
  1. Communication process that governs activites of cell & cooridnates action
    * Growth, development, and lactation
    * Reproduction
    * Maintenance of internal environment
    * Energy production, utilization, and storage
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2
Q

What are the three stages of cell signaling?

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
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3
Q

What are some biochemical signals?

A
  1. Hormones
  2. Growth factors
  3. Nutrients
  4. Neurotransmitters (acetylocholine,etc)
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4
Q

What are some mechanical signals?

A
  1. Pressure touch: sensory cells in skin
  2. Sound waves: sensory cells in ear
  3. Stretch: skeletal muscle
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5
Q

What does Autocrine mean?

A

A cell targets itself

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6
Q

What does Paracrine mean?

A

Action on a nearby cell

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7
Q

What does Endocrine mean?

A

Cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream

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8
Q

How exactly does a cell recognize cells and how does it elicit a response?

A

1.The answer is receptors
2.Providing specfic recognition of signaling molecule (ligand)
3.Interaction with ligan leads to a biological response

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9
Q

What are 3 membrane receptors?

A
  1. Ion channel receptor
  2. G-protein-coupled
  3. Enzyme-linked receptors
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10
Q

What are Ion channel-linked receptors?

A
  1. Legand binds
  2. Opens a channel through the membrane that allows specific ions to pass through
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11
Q

G-couples recptor general mechanism goes in what order?

A

From:
1.Signal
2.Receptor (near GDP)
3.-> GTP
4.to Enzyme
5.Having Active 2nd messenger or Inactive 2nd Messenger
6.Effects on cellular function (Gene expression, Enzyme activity, Ion or metabolite transport)

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12
Q

How do G-protein coupled receptors work? (general idea)

A

It goes in this order:
1. First messenger->
2. G-protein coupled transmembrane receptor->
3. Signal amplification->
4. Second messenger->
5. Cellular response

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13
Q

What can PKA do in terms of responses?

A
  1. Can activate transcription factors, affecting gene expression
  2. Can phosphorylate enzymes, causing a change in activity
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14
Q

How do Enzyme-linked receptors work?

A

Starts with:
1.Ligand
2.Signal induces receptor dimerization (activated)
3.Allows proteins to phosphorylate each other
4.Phosphorylated sites act as docking sites

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15
Q

What is needed to activate downstream signaling?

A

Adaptor protein

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16
Q

What is the purpose of ‘adaptor proteins’?

A

May recruit & activate other proteins

17
Q

Where are intracellular receptors found? What are their function?

A
  1. Receptors located inside cell
  2. Function as transcription factors
  3. Proteins bind to a specific DNA sequence
  4. Control gene transcription from DNA to RNA
18
Q

In what order does cell response normally go?

A
  1. Signal ->
  2. Receptor->
  3. Cascade of intracellular reactions->
  4. Physiological reaction: glucose mobilization or
  5. Gene expression
19
Q

What are the characteristics of protein?

A
  1. Water soluble
  2. Usually made in form of precursors
  3. Must be cleaved for acivation
  4. Usually do not enter cell
20
Q

What are the characteristics of amino acid derived?

A
  1. Formed from tyrosine
  2. Cell receptor (epi.) or nuclear receptor (thyroxin)
21
Q

What are the characteristics of streoids?

A
  1. Made of cholesterol
  2. Hydrophobic
  3. Can get through the lipid bi-layer
22
Q

What are the characteristics of fatty acid derived?

A
  1. Receptor type varies
23
Q

When it comes to receptor types how long do:
1.Ligand-gated ion channels
2.G-protein coupled
3.Enzyme-linked
4.Intracellular (Nuclear)
take for each?

A
  1. Milliseconds
  2. seconds-hours
  3. hours
  4. hours
24
Q

What are ligands?

A

Any molecules or atoms that bind to a receiving protein molecule

25
Q

What are receptors?

A

Molecules inside or on the surface of a cell that bind to a specific substance and causes a specific effect in the cell

26
Q

What are ion channels?

A

Pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore

27
Q

What is a signaling cascade (transduction)?

A
  1. Is a series of chemical reactions that occur within a biological cell when initated by a stimulus to amplify a signal
  2. Mainly consisting of protein kinases
28
Q

What are secondary messengers?

A

Intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracelullar signaling molecules

29
Q

What are kinase?

A

Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule

30
Q

What are transcription factors?

A
  1. Proteins that bind to a specific DNA sequence
  2. Control gene transcription from DNA to RNA
31
Q

What exactly is an agonist and antagonist?

A
  1. Agonist binds and activates a receptor leading to a biological response
  2. Antagonist is a ligand that blocks a receptor and prevents its activation (weaking the biological response)
  3. Growth promotants
32
Q

What does Epinephrine do to counteract a body’s allergic response?

A
  1. Counteracts alleric response by:
    * Opening airways in lungs
    * Constrcts the blood vessels
    * Increases heart rate (increases blood flow)
33
Q

When it comes to steroid implants for feedlot cattle what does it consist of?

A
  1. Androgen + estrogen
34
Q

How is a growth promotant given to an animal and what is its process?

A
  1. Administered in ear
  2. Dissolve slowly into bloodstream
  3. carried by binding proteins to tissues
  4. Direct and indirect effects on muscle growth
  5. Anabolic steroids are rapidly metabolized
35
Q

What do Beta-agonist do? How are they given?

A
  1. Bind to beta-receptors,
  2. In muscles: start protein synthesis, reduced protein degradation,
  3. In fat :promotes fat lipolysis (fat breakdown), reduced lipogenesis (fat synthesis)
  4. Given orally

ANS3043 Growth & Development of Farm Animals (8 decks)

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