Exam 1: Introduction to Growth & Development

Question 1

How much protein is contributed from animal-based food to the human diet?

Answer 1

It is about 46%

Question 2

What is the main future goal for food animal production?

Answer 2

Goal is to increase production by more than 50%

Question 3

What does ADG stand for?

Answer 3

Average daily gain

Question 4

What is F:G?

Answer 4

Fat per feed per pound of gain

Question 5

What are some challenges that occur to get the final product of meat?

Answer 5

1. The slaughter, processing and marketing
2. Maintenance of yield (water retention)
3. Quality defects (texture & color)

Question 6

What are some biotechnology advances that impact precision of animal agriculture?

Answer 6

1.CRISPR- Cas9 genome editing
2.Artificial intelligence

Question 7

What are benefits to the learning of growth and development?

Answer 7

1. Animal production
2. Animal performance
3. Animal health
4. Human health

Question 8

What is the difference between growth and development?

Answer 8

1. Growth involved physical change & physiological process of size difference
2. Development is a biological event involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex organism.

Question 9

What are the components of growth?

Answer 9

1. Expansion of size as produced by the accretion of tissues
2. Results from increased amount of tissues similar in composition to that of the original tissue or organ

Question 10

An animal that is obese, would it still be considered growth?

Answer 10

Would not be considered grwoth due to functional change since it is lacking.

Question 11

What is the definition of longitudinal?

Answer 11

Complete set of measurements on each animal at several ages or each stage of development

Question 12

What is Hyperplasia?

Answer 12

1. It is the addition of more cells
2. Cell multiplication
   (It involves cell cycle & proliferation)

Question 13

What is Hypertrophy?

Answer 13

An increase in cells size to incorporate material from the environment or by synthesis of new material
(It involves nutrients, hormones and growth factors)

Question 14

How is the growth of cells accomplished?

Answer 14

Accretion of material between cells
(Involving extracellular matrix)

Question 15

What does Accretion mean?

Answer 15

It is the process of grwoth or increase, typically by the gradual accumulation of additional layer or matter

Question 16

What is development?

Answer 16

It is the progression of organism from a lower to a higher stage of complexity
* Generation of cellular diversity
* Becoming more specialized in function

Question 17

What occurs when there is a diverse cell selection?

Answer 17

There is cellular differentiation, allowing different tissues and organs to assume different roles and functions

Question 18

What is Differentiation?

Answer 18

It is the Acquisition of functions different from those of the original cell type; specialization

It goes from less specialized-> more specialized

Question 19

What is Maturity?

Answer 19

It is the reaching point of the highest complexity; becoming fully developed.

Question 20

What are the stages of growth & development?

Answer 20

1. Prenatal: early embryonic, fetal, placetal
2. Perinatal: at or around birth
3. Postnatal: birth to maturity
4. Maturity: State of full development